Suchergebnisse

The effective operation of national innovation systems can be a source of many opportunities, but it cannot be forgotten that innovation in itself may mean limiting but also generating various types of risks for the functioning of the local market. The main aim of the article is to present the concept and classification of national innovation systems in the world and to try to answer whether the type of NIS determines the level of innovation of the economies of the European Union countries. The following research thesis was formulated in the study: the type of National Innovation System determines a certain level of innovation in the economy of an European Union country, i.e., in countries belonging to a developed NIS, the level of innovation of the economy is higher than in countries belonging to developing systems. The results of the analysis confirm the research thesis. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in the European Union countries was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD) by Z. Hellwig. Based on the obtained values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation), a ranking of the innovation of the economies of the EU countries was compiled and groups of countries with a similar degree of innovation in the economy were distinguished. The developed ranking of the European Union countries was compared with the NSI classification presented in the theoretical part of the article. The study covered 2010 and 2019.

The effective operation of national innovation systems can be a source of many opportunities, but it cannot be forgotten that innovation in itself may mean limiting but also generating various types of risks for the functioning of the local market. The main aim of the article is to present the concept and classification of national innovation systems in the world and to try to answer whether the type of NIS determines the level of innovation of the economies of the European Union countries. The following research thesis was formulated in the study: the type of National Innovation System determines a certain level of innovation in the economy of an European Union country, i.e., in countries belonging to a developed NIS, the level of innovation of the economy is higher than in countries belonging to developing systems. The results of the analysis confirm the research thesis. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in the European Union countries was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD) by Z. Hellwig. Based on the obtained values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation), a ranking of the innovation of the economies of the EU countries was compiled and groups of countries with a similar degree of innovation in the economy were distinguished. The developed ranking of the European Union countries was compared with the NSI classification presented in the theoretical part of the article. The study covered 2010 and 2019.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate socio-economic inequalities in the use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services amongst 60-84 year old people from seven European urban communities. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected in 2009. The target population was people aged 60-84 years from Stuttgart (Germany), Athens (Greece), Ancona (Italy), Kaunas (Lithuania), Porto (Portugal), Granada (Spain) and Stockholm (Sweden). The total sample comprised 4,467 respondents with a mean response rate across these countries of 45.2 per cent. Findings The study demonstrated that the majority of respondents had contact with a health care provider within the last 12 months. The highest percentages were reported by respondents from Spain (97.8 per cent) and Portugal (97.7 per cent). The results suggest that 13.0 per cent of respondents had refrained from seeking care services. The highest rates were amongst seniors from Lithuania (24.0 per cent), Germany (16.2 per cent) and Portugal (15.4 per cent). Logistic regression suggests that seniors who refrained from seeking health care was statistically significant associated with those with higher levels of education (odds ratios (OR)=1.21; 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI)=1.01-1.25) and financial strain (OR=1.26; 95 per cent CI=1.16-1.37). Furthermore, the majority of respondents were satisfied with health care services. Originality/value The findings from the "Elder Abuse: a multinational prevalence survey" study indicate the existence of significant variations in use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services by country and for socio-economic factors related to organizing and financing of care systems.

The aim of the article is to confirm a well-known thesis presented by Carmen Reinhard and Kenneth Rogoff, stating as follows: after it has exceeded the level of 90% of GDP, general government debt negatively affects the rate of economic growth. The analysis refers to 28 countries of the European Union. The applied research methodology includes: comparative descriptive analysis, statistical data analysis and the Author's own calculations. ; Celem artykułu jest znalezienie potwierdzenia dla znanej tezy autorstwa Carmen Reinhard i Kenneth Rogoffa, głoszącej iż dług publiczny po przekroczeniu poziomu 90% GDP wpływa negatywnie na tempo wzrostu gospodarczego. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na grupie 28 krajów należących do Unii Europejskiej. Zastosowane metody badawcze to komparatywna analiza opisowa, analiza danych statystycznych oraz obliczenia własne.

In the Summer of 1998, the Executive Board discussed a set of three papers prepared by the staff that focused on the likey impact of EMU on selected non-EU countries. In recognition of the contribution these papers could make to the literature and discussion of EMU, the Board requested that this collection of papers be published. This Occasional Paper presents the three papers in one volume Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the likely impact of EMU on three regions: Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and the African CFA zone. Chapter 2 focuses on the trade and financial effects of EMU on selected transition and Mediterranean countries. And Chapter 3 considers the possible implications of EMU for the Middle East and North Africa region

This paper has aimed to investigate the education – economic development nexus in the selected European Union (EU) countries during the period of 1997 – 2016. Descriptive statistics analysis and econometric techniques have been applied for this purpose. Research results have revealed statistically significant interrelationships between education and economic growth in majority of the selected countries. However, only Belgium, France, Ireland and United Kingdom have demonstrated causal relationships between the variables under consideration. In these countries the unidirectional causality running from education to economic development has shown that increase in the share of population having tertiary education promotes economic performance. In the remaining countries neither increasing share of tertiary education effects on economic development nor growing real GDP promotes tertiary education of the population. The insights of the research could be useful in achieving the goals for Europe 2020, where tertiary education is highlighted as one of the five measurable targets.

This paper has aimed to investigate the education – economic development nexus in the selected European Union (EU) countries during the period of 1997 – 2016. Descriptive statistics analysis and econometric techniques have been applied for this purpose. Research results have revealed statistically significant interrelationships between education and economic growth in majority of the selected countries. However, only Belgium, France, Ireland and United Kingdom have demonstrated causal relationships between the variables under consideration. In these countries the unidirectional causality running from education to economic development has shown that increase in the share of population having tertiary education promotes economic performance. In the remaining countries neither increasing share of tertiary education effects on economic development nor growing real GDP promotes tertiary education of the population. The insights of the research could be useful in achieving the goals for Europe 2020, where tertiary education is highlighted as one of the five measurable targets.

This paper has aimed to investigate the education – economic development nexus in the selected European Union (EU) countries during the period of 1997 – 2016. Descriptive statistics analysis and econometric techniques have been applied for this purpose. Research results have revealed statistically significant interrelationships between education and economic growth in majority of the selected countries. However, only Belgium, France, Ireland and United Kingdom have demonstrated causal relationships between the variables under consideration. In these countries the unidirectional causality running from education to economic development has shown that increase in the share of population having tertiary education promotes economic performance. In the remaining countries neither increasing share of tertiary education effects on economic development nor growing real GDP promotes tertiary education of the population. The insights of the research could be useful in achieving the goals for Europe 2020, where tertiary education is highlighted as one of the five measurable targets.

This paper has aimed to investigate the education – economic development nexus in the selected European Union (EU) countries during the period of 1997 – 2016. Descriptive statistics analysis and econometric techniques have been applied for this purpose. Research results have revealed statistically significant interrelationships between education and economic growth in majority of the selected countries. However, only Belgium, France, Ireland and United Kingdom have demonstrated causal relationships between the variables under consideration. In these countries the unidirectional causality running from education to economic development has shown that increase in the share of population having tertiary education promotes economic performance. In the remaining countries neither increasing share of tertiary education effects on economic development nor growing real GDP promotes tertiary education of the population. The insights of the research could be useful in achieving the goals for Europe 2020, where tertiary education is highlighted as one of the five measurable targets.

This paper aimed at evaluating the level of sustainability in agriculture in 28 member states of the European Union. The surveys were carried out based on a synthetic technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS)-based measure. This method synthesizes factors of various nature and assigns them a synthetic aggregate measure. The analysis made it possible to develop a ranking of EU member states according to a differentiated level of measures and assign them to one of four groups characterized by different levels of sustainability in agriculture. The group of member states representing the highest level of sustainability in agriculture included two countries from Central and Eastern Europe, i.e., Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The group of countries with a greater than average level of sustainability comprised 14 member states of the European Union, including seven countries admitted to the community after 2004. The group with a low level of sustainability consisted of eight EU member states, six of them from the group of old EU member states, i.e., Ireland, Portugal, Greece, Italy, Denmark and the United Kingdom, and two new members, i.e., Romania and Slovenia. On the other hand, the lowest level of sustainability was characteristic of two &ldquo ; old EU&rdquo ; member states, i.e., The Netherlands and Belgium, and two &ldquo ; new EU&rdquo ; member states, i.e., Cyprus and Malta. The differentiated synthetic measure values showed disparities in the level of sustainability in agriculture among the member states of the European Union. They are a result of the varied level of development of this sector, production intensity and the resulting environmental impact.

2nd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering (ICCESEN) -- OCT 14-19, 2015 -- Kemer, TURKEY ; WOS: 000384810700107 ; The class of generalized linear models is an extension of traditional linear models that allows the mean of the response variable to be linearly dependent on the explanatory variables through a link function. Generalized linear models allow the probability distribution of the response variable to be a member of an exponential family of distributions. The exponential family of distributions include many common discrete and continuous distributions such as normal, binomial, multinomial, negative binomial, Poisson, gamma, inverse Gaussian, etc. Also link functions can be built as identity, logit, probit, power, log, and complementary log-log link functions. In this study, supply, transformation and consumption, imports and exports of solid fuels, oil, gas, electricity, and renewable energy annual data of European Union countries between 2005 and 2013 years are investigated by using generalized linear models. In this case, the response variable is taken as annual complete energy balances of European Union countries as a continuous variable having positive values, and the distribution of the response variable comes from the gamma distribution with log-link function.

This paper examines economic and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development influence on recently increasing Internet purchases by individuals for European Union member states. After a growing trend for Internet purchases in EU27 was noticed, all possible regression analysis was applied using nine independent variables in 2011. Finally, two linear regression models were studied in detail. Conducted simple linear regression analysis confirmed the research hypothesis that the Internet purchases in analyzed EU countries is positively correlated with statistically significant variable Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc). Also, analyzed multiple linear regression model with four regressors, showing ICT development level, indicates that ICT development is crucial for explaining the Internet purchases by individuals, confirming the research hypothesis.

The following article is a recent bibliographic review of supplementary healthcare policies in Brazil and EU. The main focus is analyzing healthcare policies for the private sector in Brazil, within the context of Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS), with the profile of the private sector in European Union countries, which have long had public systems integrated with social security. Our work is based on research conducted in the second decade of the 21st century. It is our understanding that comparing positions and progress made by the private sector, the growth of private and copayment health insurance and consequently the shrinking of public healthcare systems allows us to better understand the reach and meaning of those changes. We will initially analyze healthcare policies of Europe's private sector. Then we will discuss the supplementary healthcare system in Brazil, which is the main goal of this paper. Finally, we will compare cases according to progress and delays in private and public healthcare systems.

The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.

Tourism is one of the most rapidly blossoming sectors of economy and its economic and social signi fi cance is expressed both in numbers (share in GNP, employment) and in a range of as important uncountable characteristics like expansion of a region, more intense development, building the spirit of local communities, actions preventing social exclusion or education of future generations for state progress. A number of countries, provinces and regions have achieved well- rounded social and economic growth by developing tourist economies and a range of necessary supporting measures, including complementary infrastructure, active and well-educated society by organising adequate living standards and ful fi lling basic social requirements, etc. It is therefore important to determine factors that improve competitiveness of tourism to maximum extent. The objective of this paper is to evaluate dependences between competitiveness of the European Union member states and selected factors determining competitiveness of tourism in these states. A set of factors determining competitiveness of tourism is introduced, that is, capacity of tourist accommodation establishments, arrivals at tourist accommodation establishments, average expenditure of tourism trips (1 night or over) – domestic trips, average expenditure of tourism trips (1 night or over) – outbound trips, tourism domestic trips (1 night or over), tourism outbound trips (1 night or over) and their impact on levels of competitiveness is determined. Considerable geographical variation of availability of accommodation establishments in the European Union member states and high, statistically signi fi cance correlations between availability of accommodation establishments and numbers of tourists arriving in a given states and between competitiveness of the EU states and tourism expenditure are identi fi ed.