Suchergebnisse

European Union (EU) due to several challenges that exist nowadays has changed its Energy Policy. In order tofulfill international commitments concerning greenhouse gas emission and to assure safety in supply and stableprices, EU has been a leader in renewable energy. In many EU countries solar energy is a possible and veryviable option. Together with wind energy, photovoltaic energy is the new support core of a low carbon EUeconomy in what concerns electricity production. In this work clusters of countries were generated based on theenergy produced by PV systems and the share of energy from PV systems in the total electricity produced byrenewable sources. This work also analyzed the production of energy from the photovoltaic sector in EU andcompared it with the existing potential for this type of energy. Roughly half of the EU countries are producingenergy within the limits of what is expected, considering the irradiation on optimally inclined plane. Howeversome of them could improve the ratio between energy production and installed power. Considering the leadercountries in energy production from photovoltaic, Czech Republic and Spain are the countries that exceed whatit is expected. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the European Union (EU), as a global economic community, there are countries with very different levels of economic development. Therefore, it takes place unevenly – some countries develop intensively, but with significant changes in it, others – stably, without significant changes, but not intensively, etc. In such a situation, it is important to determine adequately the current state of economic development. It is an integral quantity that combines both development changes and intensity. These two components of development form two of its partial indicators. Combined into one size, they comprehensively reflect the current situation of the country's economic development. Development refers to a process, so it must be assessed not on the basis of the state at the end of the period under consideration, but on the whole of this period. The presentation of development in the sense of recent years does not reflect the overall development process, based on the economic development of countries 2018–2022. Their ranks are determined by the results of the comprehensive assessment. Since they do not adequately reflect the current situation, the countries were combined into homogeneous groups, where countries with close values of the economic development indicator were located. This allows to highlight the economic development trends of EU countries.

The study intends to analyze how the shift to inspiring leadership in EU modern organizations reflects in the preferred leadership among employees from post-soviet Baltic countries: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The main research question investigates employees' perception of an ideal leader in developing EU countries. This perception is important for the employees' work performance and sustainable economic growth. The study intends to compare Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian employees' preferences for leader's traditional roles (task-oriented behavior and relations-oriented behavior) and modern "more emotional and inspiring" views (charisma and social responsibility). 221 employees participated in the cross-sectional quantitative survey with self-administered internet based questionnaires. 124 Lithuanians, 40 Latvians, 57 Estonians filled in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behaviors (Yukl, 2012), Transformational Leadership Inventory (Podsakoff et al., 1996) and a scale from Servant Leadership Questionnaire (Barbuto, Wheeler, 2006) was used. Results of this study suggest that charisma is the most preferred characteristic of a leader. Relations-oriented behavior is also a significant factor in predicting an ideal leadership. Employees do not perceive task-oriented behavior and leader's social responsibility as essential dimensions for an ideal leadership. Some significant differences in leadership preferences are revealed among countries. The study is based on under-estimated follower-centric perspective and examines interactive predictive value of different leadership dimensions to employees' preferences. Data reveals that the shift to inspiring leadership have already occurred in the perception of employees from post-soviet Baltic countries. The comparison of three Baltic countries gives the insight about the challenges for management in still developing EU members ; Psichologijos katedra ; Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

Energy efficiency is one of the most effective methods of fighting climate change, achieving supply security and succeeding in resource effectiveness. For this reason, European Union (EU) countries follow mutual energy policies related to energy efficiency, with directives of the European Commission. This study used the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index to determine the extent to which 28 EU countries used energy efficiently in the output (GDP) production process in the period of 2005-2017. The results of the analysis indicated that the energy efficiency of EU-28 countries increased by an average of 1.1% for the period under review, and that the increases in efficiency varied between countries. Also, energy efficiency decreased only in Poland throughout the studied period. Although the Union has a common energy policy, it is thought that there are two main reasons for the energy efficiency differences in the member countries of the Union. The first of these is the energy structures of the countries, while the second is the energy policies of the countries that are shaped by their own internal dynamics.

This introductory essay briefly summarizes the 11 empirical studies of price setting and price adjustment that are included in this special issue. The studies, which use data from several European countries, were conducted as part of the European Central Bank's Inflation Persistence Network.

In this paper the valuation of macroeconomic factors influencing the Lithuanian direct investment into European Union was conducted. The problem of this paper is the different chosen macroeconomic factors influencing foreign direct investment. The object of this paper is Lithuanian direct investment. The methods of this paper include: comparative literature analysis, correlation regression analysis, paired regression analysis. After conducting a research of dependency of Lithuanian direct investment to EU countries from price changes, government sector income, gross domestic product, inflation, jobless rate results, it is found that gross domestic product and government sector income have the most influence on the changes of Lithuanian direct investment. Article in Lithuanian. Lietuvos tiesioginių investicijų Europos Sąjungos šalyse analizė Santrauka Straipsnyje atliekamas makroekonominių veiksnių, darančių įtaką Lietuvos tiesioginėms investicijoms Europos Sąjungos šalyse, vertinimas. Straipsnio problema yra skirtingai parenkami makroekonominiai veiksniai, darantys įtaką tiesioginės užsienio investicijos. Straipsnio objektas – Lietuvos tiesioginės investicijos. Straipsnio metodai: sisteminė literatūros analizė, koreliacinė regresinė analizė, porinė regresinė analizė. Atlikus Lietuvos tiesioginių investicijų į ES šalis priklausomybės nuo kainų pokyčių, valdžios sektoriaus pajamų, bendro vidaus produkto, infliacijos, bedarbių skaičiaus tyrimą, paaiškėjo, kad Lietuvos tiesioginių investicijų kitimui didžiausią įtaką daro bendrojo vidaus produkto ir valdžios sektoriaus pajamų kitimai. Reikšminiai žodžiai:Lietuvos tiesioginės investicijos, tiesioginės užsienio investicijos, Europos Sąjunga, tiesioginių investicijų vertinimo aspektai.

Economic development has resulted in structural transformation towards economies based on services, which has raised some concerns about the limited opportunities for sustaining productivity growth. The aim of this paper is to examine total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the service sector in comparison with total industries and the manufacturing sector, as well as within the service sector. The study is based on the data from the EU-KLEMS database (2017), and it covers the years 1995-2015. It refers to EU countries, making it possible to carry out a comparative analysis between countries, in particular between the 'old' and 'new' member states. The study demonstrates that productivity growth in services was significantly lower than in manufacturing, but compared with total industries, the disparity was not significant. Productivity growth was usually higher in the 'new' EU countries than in the 'old' ones, except for information and communications services, which, on the whole, were the main driving force behind the productivity growth in services.

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between banks' ownership structure and their risk-taking behavior. Additionally, we examine the impact of banking regulation on banks' approach to taking risk. The empirical analysis considers a sample of listed banks from EU countries over the period of 2011 to 2016. We found that the structure of the board of directors can influence bank risk behavior but not the ownership concentration. No significant relation was found between the influence of the regulatory environment and bank risk, i.e., stricter regulation has no effect on risk taking by banks. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The tax burden on wages, profits, property, and goods or services has a serious impact on cross-country competiveness, something that, in turn, impinges strongly on the actual economy of common markets such as the European Union (EU). While the mobility of productive factors is directly related with country tax-regime differences, government budget funding from tax revenues and rates are the main fiscal policy tools. This article analyzes the trends, similarities and differences between the tax regimes of European Monetary Union (EMU) for the period from1995 to 2019. The methodologies we employ include time series analysis, regression analysis and multivariate cluster analysis. The data are mainly collected from the OECD database and tax revenue departments at country level. We argue that there are significant differences among the tax regimes of EU countries and that no policy has been implemented to ensure tax homogeneity across the EU, nor is there any likelihood of such. The anarchy in fiscal policy is an obstacle for the European Integration. Budget deficits have an impact on taxation and countries, invariably, manage the recent debt crisis by selecting different taxes as fiscal policy tools. Our article presents the differences between tax regimes of EMU countries and shows that the level of economic growth affects the structure of taxes at work and alters the performance of different types of taxes; is also wishes to explain the factors that differentiate tax regimes by using multi dimensional criteria and variance analysis. Our work contributes to the debate toward a common tax regime between EU countries and our analysis is concentrated on this. ; peer-reviewed

This paper examines economic and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development influence on recently increasing Internet purchases by individuals for European Union member states. After a growing trend for Internet purchases in EU27 was noticed, all possible regression analysis was applied using nine independent variables in 2011. Finally, two linear regression models were studied in detail. Conducted simple linear regression analysis confirmed the research hypothesis that the Internet purchases in analysed EU countries is positively correlated with statistically significant variable Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc). Also, analysed multiple linear regression model with four regressors, showing ICT development level, indicates that ICT development is crucial for explaining the Internet purchases by individuals, confirming the research hypothesis.

Triptans are presently a milestone in the treatment of migraine patients. Because of their effectiveness and safety, they have radically improved migraine treatment but their use has meant a substantial increase in spending for medicines. We thus compared retail prices of triptans in eight European Union member states to establish the existence and the amount of price differentials. We found wide price differentials between countries (from 83% to 140%) and within countries, where they attained 191% in Belgium. The least and most expensive products differed from country to country. These differentials mean that the most cost-effective triptans differ from country to country and this can be an important source of variation in the treatment of migraineurs. A better-harmonised European system of pricing could limit these unethical variations.

The purpose of the paper is to divide the European Union countries into groups of most similar distributions of farm size. As a measure of the degree of similarity of distributions D statistic was used, which is the maximum absolute value of the difference between two cumulative distribution functions. On the basis of the value of the D statistic calculated for each of the pairs of distributions the countries were divided into five relatively uniform classes. This division resulted in the creation of one single-element group, one two-elements group, one four-elements group and two ten-elements groups.