Suchergebnisse

Zmiana instytucjonalna jest nieodłącznym procesem wpisującym się w rozwój społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Najistotniejszym procesem w ramach transformacji instytucji wydaje się dopasowywanie (się) instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych. Jest to niezbędne, aby system instytucjonalny działał sprawnie, aby generował odpowiednie bodźce na rzecz aktywności gospodarczej (niski koszt transakcyjny, przewidywalność, zaufanie). Efektem takich dostosowań jest ład instytucjonalny, który jest warunkiem trwałości rozwoju gospodarczego. Cechą instytucji jest długookresowe trwanie, choć jednocześnie odbywa się ich nieprzerwana ewolucja. Powstaje pytanie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się ład instytucjonalny, jaką rolę odgrywają w nim instytucje nieformalne. Za cel artykułu przyjęto określenie roli instytucji nieformalnych w kreowaniu ładu instytucjonalnego. Można wysunąć przypuszczenie, że instytucje nieformalne wraz z upływem czasu stają się trwałą podstawą ładu instytucjonalnego. W artykule wskazano również przejawy niesprawności systemu instytucji w Polsce, w tym instytucji nieformalnych. ; Institutional change is an integral process in the development of the society and economy. The seemingly most significant process in the transformation of institutions is the adjustment (also, mutual adjustment) of formal and informal institutions. This is critical to the proper functioning of the institutional system, so that it generates sufficient stimuli for economic activity (low transaction costs, predictability, trust). The result of such adjustments is institutional order which is a prerequisite of sustainable economic growth. One of the features of imitations is their longevity, even though they are constantly evolving. The question arises about how institutional order is formed and what the role of informal institution in this process is. The aim of the article is to determine the role of informal institutions in the formation of institutional order. It is possible that, given time, informal institutions become a solid foundation of institutional order. The article also indicates signs of irregularities in the institutional system in Poland, including in informal institutions. ; gruszad@gmail.com ; Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Aoki M., 2001, Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London ; Boettke P.J., Coyne Ch.J., Leeson P.T., 2008, Institutional stickiness and the New Development Economics, American Journal of Economics & Sociology, vol. 67, iss. 2 ; Bossak J.W., 2008, Instytucje, rynki i konkurencja we współczesnym świecie, SGH, Warszawa ; Casson M.C., Della Giusta M., Kambhampati U.S., 2010, Formal and informal institutions and development, World Development, vol. 38, no. 2 ; Chavance B., 2008, Formal and informal institutional change: the experience of postsocialist transformation, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 5, no. 1 ; Eggertsson T., 2006, On the survival of imperfect institutions, Revista de Análisis Económico, vol. 21, no. 2. ; Gardocka A., 2005, Kultura ekonomiczna jako instytucja, [w:] Teoretyczne aspekty gospodarowania, red. D. Kopycińska, Katedra Mikroekonomii US, Szczecin ; Gruszewska E., 2012, Transformacja instytucji nieformalnych w Polsce, Gospodarka Narodowa, nr 3 (247) ; Gruszewska E., 2013, Instytucje a proces tworzenia kapitału w Polsce, UwB, Białystok ; Helmke G., Levitsky S., 2004, Informal institutions and comparative politics: a research agenda, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 2, no. 4 ; Kostro K., 2004, Nieformalne instytucje w życiu gospodarczym, Studia Ekonomiczne, nr 1–2 ; Leković V., 2011, Interaction of formal and informal institutions – impact on economic success, Facta Universitatis, vol. 8, no. 4 ; Lissowska M., 2008, Instytucje gospodarki rynkowej, C.H. Beck, Warszawa ; Marody M., Wilkin J., 2002, Meandry instytucjonalizacji: dostosowanie Polski do Unii Europejskiej, EU – monitoring, Friedrich Bert Stifung, MSAP, AE w Krakowie, Kraków ; Mączyńska E., 2014, Ordoliberalizm – użyteczność w warunkach nieładu instytucjonalnego, [w:] Ład gospodarczy a współczesna ekonomia, red. P. Pysz, A. Grabska, M. Moszyński, WN PWN, Warszawa ; Meredyk K., 2014, Ład gospodarczy jako kategoria ekonomiczna, [w:] Spontaniczne i stanowione elementy ładu gospodarczego w procesie transformacji – dryf ładu czy jego doskonalenie?, red.P. Pysz, A. Grabska, M. Moszyński, PTE, Warszawa ; Nelson R.R., 2008, What enables rapid economic progress: What are the needed institutions?, Research Policy, vol. 37, no. 1 ; North D.C., 2009, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, New York ; Ostrom E., 2008, Institutions and the environments, Economic Affairs, vol. 28, no. 3 ; Platje J., 2007, Bodźce i koszty transakcyjne a zmiany instytucjonalne oraz stan polskiej gospodarki w latach 1970–2000, UO, Opole ; Platje J., 2008, "Institutional Capital" as a factor of sustainable development – the importance of an institutional equilibrium, Technological and Economic Development, vol. 14, no. 2. ; Rudolf S., 2010, Nowa ekonomia instytucjonalna, Przedsiębiorstwo Przyszłości, nr 1(2) ; Sautet F., 2005, The role of institutions in entrepreneurship: implications for development policy, Mercatus Policy Series, Policy Premier, no. 1 ; Soysa I. de, Jütting J., 2006, Informal Institutions and Development: Think Local, Act Global?, OECD and Development, Paris, s. 3, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/16/37790393.pdf. ; Tkacz A., 2008, Zmiany instytucjonalne w gospodarce: doświadczenia ukraińskie i polskie, Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, zeszyt 10, s. 333. ; Vaal A. de, Ebben W., 2011, Institutions and the relation between corruption and economic growth, Review of Development Economics, vol. 15, no. 1, s. 110. ; Wilkin J., 2011, Institutional Equilibrium: What Is it about and what Is its Role in the Economy?, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, nr 208, Ekonomia, vol. 15, s. 32. ; Williamson C.R., 2009, Informal institutions rule: institutional arrangements and economic performances, Public Choice, vol. 139, iss. 3–4, s. 373. ; Williamson C.R., Kerekes C.B., 2011, Securing private property: formal versus informal institutions, Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 54, no. 3, s. 544. ; Williamson O.E., 2000, The new institutional economics: Taking stocks, looking ahead, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 38, no. 3. ; Woźniak M.G., 2009, Instytucjonalne uwarunkowania wzrostu gospodarczego i sprawiedliwych nierówności społecznych, Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, zeszyt 14, s. 40. ; Ząbkowicz A., 2014, Transformacja ładu instytucjonalnego. Samoregulująca się gospodarka z perspektywy Waltera Euckena i Karla Polanyi'ego, [w:] Ład gospodarczy a współczesna ekonomia, red. P. Pysz, A. Grabska, M. Moszyński, PWN, Warszawa, s. 40. ; 405 ; 55 ; 69

W roku 25-lecia przemian w wolności i demokracji chcę ogłosić: W Polsce zakończyła się właśnie transformacja systemowa! Dokonaliśmy gruntownych zmian, zmieniliśmy nawet epokę. Dlatego powinniśmy oficjalnie zamknąć okres transformacji i ogłosić czas państwa dojrzałej demokracji oraz okrzepłej gospodarki. Niech ten rok jubileuszowy będzie symboliczną cezurą pomiędzy etapem burzenia i budowania a etapem urządzania i rozwoju. Niech to będzie nowy złoty wiek Rzeczypospolitej! ; In the year of the 25th anniversary of the transformation of the political system and of the struggle for freedom and democracy in Poland I wish to announce the end of systemic change in our country! The transformation that we undertook and implemented has been thorough and radical, even epoch-making. Therefore, the time has now come to close the period of change officially and to present the Polish State as a mature democracy and with a fully-fledged economy. Let this jubilee year be a symbolic watershed between the previous phase of destruction and construction, and the current phase of establishment and development. Let it be from now on a golden age of the Republic of Poland!Today, twenty five years on, I would like us to look back at the road we have travelled and draw some conclusions; but first and foremost, I want us to look at the present and to look ahead to the future. From a historical perspective it must be recognised that we have achieved a lot in this time of transformation. There have been errors too, sometimes leading to injustice and social inequality. The overall outcome is nevertheless positive, even more so considering where and with what we started. I must admit that 25 year ago, the only wish I had was to open the door to freedom. I did not think what the first day after victory would bring. Maybe I was hoping our freedom would have drawers full of programmes. As it turned out later, we had to build everything from scratch. We were learning democracy and the free market at a practical level, and I must say we have succeeded quite well.Talking about transformations, the path to freedom, or the road we are taking now in a free Poland, we should not only recall the year 1989 and see it as the only cause of our present democracy and free market. The events of 1989 were important, but were neither the first nor the last element in the chain of events that had their origin much earlier. One cannot forget the dramatic events in Poznań in June 1956, December 1970 in Poland and other bids for freedom. These painful experiences instilled in us a strong conviction that the only way to follow was a wisely managed and peaceful struggle. This conviction was subsequently reinforced by the words of encouragement we received from Pope John Paul II and which we managed to turn into reality. These were the foundations on which both the Polish August of 80 and the Solidarity movement grew, not only as a trade union or a freedom movement, but as a philosophy underpinning our actions. This philosophy helped us to survive through the difficult times of the 1980s, a time whichshook the nation, and when Solidarity was greatly weakened. In 1988 and 1989 Solidarity had lost some of its momentum and no longer had the support of so many millions; yet it managed to bring us freedom when we eventually sat down at the Round Table. We achieved much more than the concessions won in the Round Table agreement foresaw – our prime minister in 1989 and our president elected in free elections in 1990 were the two elements that sealed the peaceful revolution. Therefore we must now, twenty five years later as we celebrate the Anniversary of 1989, remember every link in the chain of events that lead to freedom.I would like to see in this logic of the actual causes and effects, another phase of the historic battle for a better future, this time on a global scale. The first calls that Solidarity made for unity, consensus and collaboration in building a fair, safe and prosperous global world take on a particular dimension today, and the Polish experience of solidarity and dreams of freedom may now become a guideline for nations and peoples who in the contemporary world must still cope with enslavement and hopelessness, and here I mean, also our brother Ukrainians and many other nations. Further, it may also show the direction in which global civilisation should develop, and serve as lasting points of reference. This is what the world today lacks most. Neither we, as a civilisation, nor as a global world or individual nations, have so far been successful in identifying those values that would be universal for the whole of humanity, and to which we could refer irrespective of nationality, race or faith. Consequently, we stand helpless in the face of global crises or local conflicts, or even tend to forget that in this global world our neighbour's problems become our problems, too.What our civilisation needs is a catalogue of unquestionable values accepted by all, without exception, on which to build a world of peace and safety. It is important that we agree to build our world on universal values, among which I include solidarity as the foundation of social life in many areas: economy, work, global collaboration, social inequalities. Solidarity and wisely used freedom should be the values from which universal respect for human dignity, the freedom of speech and religion, or the right to justice and equality of opportunity should derive. And we must make sure that these rights are wisely and efficiently exercised in a spirit of solidarity, locally and globally.Let this Anniversary discussion on history be at the same time a call for a debate on the shape of the future. This is the responsibility of the generation of those who have fought for and won freedom, and those who now want to use it wisely. It is our common task to make sure that these historical and democratic achievements, and in particular the potential which we, Poles, still have, is not squandered. It is a task to make the best of the chance Poland has today to build a new golden age. We should also remember that historically it has been a very long time since Poland's geographical and political situation was so stable in terms of lasting security partnerships, economy and development, if it ever was. This is a foundation on which certainly much can be built today. And I shall always be there too, to welcome all who are interested and ready to join. Like twenty five years ago … Or even earlier.

In 2015 we celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first free local elections to self-governing bodies. Those elections activated local citizens initiatives and greatly contributed to the transformation in our social awareness, leading to real change in Poland's political regime. The underlying rationale of free local elections, however, was the package of laws adopted on 8 March 1990 which created real self-government, enabled the elections to commune and municipality councils of 27 May 1990 and introduced a new dynamic to the process of the decentralisation of the state.Changes are always the result of dreams and our ability to realise them. It is possible to make them if there exist organisational structures and institutions which allow such changes to be made. The need for political transformation had long been felt and deliberated on by those involved in spatial development or and for whom the state monopoly status quo was unacceptable. To quote the late and much missed Professor Jerzy Regulski, the implementation of self-governance was departure from the monopoly of central government, which in turn meant an actual change in the political regime. The reform of 1990 broke up five monopolies of an authoritarian state which had existed in Poland since the end of the World War II: the political monopoly of one party, of centralised power, of uniform state ownership, of public finances and the state budget, and of the uniform public administration of the state.However, it must always be remembered that the possibility of realising dreams of a change in the nature of the state was shaped in the first triumphant stage of the Solidarity period in 1989, and later became a stable basis for the future in the resolution of the First National Congress of Solidarity Delegates and in the 'Samorządna Rzeczpospolita' (A Self-governing Republic) document. The success of the real change of 1990 was rooted in the long term determination and persistence of those whose personal experiences were involved in the quest for rationality in land management. Both Professor Jerzy Regulski and Professor Michał Kulesza drew their inspiration to change the political regime from the need to ensure that society worked in a way that would allow the local needs and initiatives be articulated, and inhabitants having the ability to take concrete decisions about the surrounding environment. In this way, the existing possibility of active involvement in local initiatives, incapable of being realised in the former political system, would become a reality and the citizens would be able to make collective decisions about their local area. This would also give a chance to oppose formally the investment logic resulting from the central planning of those times.The analytic work aimed at the transformation of the political regime that Professor Regulski started in the 1970s during his employment at the University of Lodz were subsequently continued at the Economic Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and led to the formation of a group of individuals for whom self-governance became a core value of the new regime and a way of looking at the modern state. The change that took place in 1990 was the beginning of the building of a de-centralised, modern state, the status of which was subsequently confirmed when Poland adopted the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Self-government is never an institution whose constitution is ever finished. This was shown during the reform carried out by Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek's government, which continued the break-up of the monopoly of power and implemented subsidiarity principles at the regional level enabling them to exercise powers locally, in newly created districts (powiat), as well as in the later legislative changes pertaining to the regulations governing the election of mayors (wójt or burmistrz) or the work of the Komisja Wspólna Rządu i Samorządu (Joint Committee of the Government and Self-Government). Today, after 25 years of our experience with self-government, we are much more aware of the changes needed in the self-governing system. They include the strengthening of actual independence of self-government achieved through the ensured free choice of the manner in which self-government bodies will carry out their tasks, guaranteed revenues and the possibility given to commune and municipality authorities of exercising real influence on their size, improved cooperation between communes and municipalities (gmina) and districts (powiat), and, fore and foremost, by ensuring all citizens a chance of co-decision on matters which directly affect them. Changes in the regime of self-governance are a consequence of its assessment by external, independent experts but are also motivated by the natural dynamics of the changes resulting from the very essence of self-governance and its institutions, communes and municipalities (gmina), districts (powiat) and regions (voivodships).In 2010 associations of self-governing units realised the need for change and amendments to the law on self-governance. Thus, they formulated a number of proposals which were included in a document called 'Requests to the President of the Republic of Poland to commence work on the white book of territorial self-government in the year of the 20th anniversary.' This document initiated work on a draft law which in 2013 became the subject of a legislative initiative put forward by President Bronisław Komorowski. The purpose of the new law on the collaboration of self-governing bodies in local and regional development is to strengthen the role of the citizen as well as the community in the work of self-government in Poland. The effort that Professors Jerzy Regulski and Michał Kulesza in their capacity as Advisors to President Komorowski put into the legislative work remains invaluable. It is believed that the involvement of individual citizens constitutes the strength of self-government and is a guarantee of its role at the service and in the interest of communities, individual inhabitants and businesses. Hence the need for enhanced collaboration and the partnership of different bodies of self-government and the increased involvement of citizens. There is draft law that contains regulations supporting these activities.Under the draft law, a local referendum is seen as an important tool to ensure the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, including those concerning local development plans. Local referenda should constitute a mechanism used to solve local issues of material importance to residents. Their result should be binding regardless of the turnout.Self-governance helps to create and strengthen the natural inclination of individuals to act together in areas where because of their social, business or cultural ties, a local community spirit develops. In today's world of global challenges and competition, we are looking for a space for the individual which provides a feeling of security. Another important value of self-governance is the possibility of creating affiliations with a community as well as individual entrepreneurship, social activity and a regard for the collective memory of the symbols of a place. The ability to participate in community life is inseparable from the functioning of democracy at a local level, with the consultation process, election of public officers, or participation in referenda.Self-governance is a special value which gives each of us a chance to exercise a real influence on local matters. It therefore occupies a very special place where politics has a personal dimension. The variety of self-governance means at the same time a variety of development policies since there are different communities, with different emotions, different experiences or ability to participate in democratic management. This variety is a special asset in the process of the stabilisation of the state as a whole. The diversity of opinions and experiences, appointments to public office of citizens not affiliated to or necessarily recommended by any party creates the solid foundations of a democratic state. This feeling of freedom within self-governing communities must be continued and promoted.The authors of many of the texts published in this issue of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny devoted to self-governance are, at the same time, authors of the transformation of Polish law and Poland's administration in the last 25 years. Contributions submitted by, among others, Prof. dr hab. Irena Lipowicz, Prof. Jerzy Stępień, Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Buzek, Prof. dr hab. Leon Kieres or Prof. dr hab. Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz are the best proof of the capital importance that self-governance plays in a democratic state. I thank Professor Teresa Rabska and the editorial staff of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny for their active involvement in questions of self-government from the very beginning. This issue is entirely devoted to a range of legal, economic and sociological aspects of new challenges facing self-government and its regime. Once again I thank them for such active involvement and participation in the jubilee celebrations of Self-Government and this special issue of the journal.We need self-governance not only to feel that we can influence decisions being made about local issues but also to be continually able to renew our confidence in institutions at a local level, and through their collaboration at the national level.

e.roszkowska@uwb.edu.pl ; Adamus-Matuszyńska A., Współczesne teorie konfliktu społecznego, AE w Katowicach, Katowice 1998. ; Aumann R. J., Hart S. (eds.), Handbook of game theory with economic applications, Tom I, II, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1994. ; Albrecht K., Albrecht S., Added Value Negotiating. The Breakthrough Method for Building Balanced Deals, Business One, Irwin, Homewood, III, 1993. ; Baran K. W., Zbiorowe prawo pracy, Universitas, Kraków 2002. ; Bargiel-Matusiewicz K., Negocjacje i mediacje, PWE, Warszawa 2007. ; Baron D. P., Ferejohn J. A., Legislatures, American Political Science Review, 1989. ; Bartos O. J., Process and Outcome of Negotiation, Columbia University Press, New York 1974. ; Bartos O. J. , Simple Model of Negotiation, [in:] I. W. Zartman (ed.), Negotiation Process: Theories and Applications, Sage, Beverly HillsCA 1978. ; Bazerman M. H., Neale M. A., Negocjując racjonalne, Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne, Olsztyn 1997. ; Bednarek A., Kraszewska H., Budowanie zgody. Mediacje jako sposób zapanowania nad konfliktem", Personel, 23(92), 2000. ; Bell D., Raiffa H., Tversky A., Decision Making. Descriptive, Normative and Prescriptive Interactions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988. ; Kulpa A., Dwa oblicza konfliktu. Funkcjonalna teoria konfliktu Lewisa A. Cosera a współczesne koncepcje zarządzania konfliktami, Organizacja i Kierowanie, Nr 1(107), 2002. ; Lax D. L., Sebenius J. K., Negocjacje w trzech wymiarach. Jak wygrać najważniejsze gry negocjacyjne, MT Biznes, Warszawa 2007. ; Lemmerman H., Komunikacja werbalna. Szkoła dyskutowania, Wydawnictwo Astrum, Wrocław 1994. ; Lendzion J.P., Stankiewicz-Mróz. A., Wprowadzenie do organizacji i zarządzania, Oficyna Ekonomiczna, Kraków 2005. ; Lewicka-Strzałecka A., Etyka biznesu jako dyscyplina naukowa, [w:] J. Dietl, W. Gasparski (red.), Etyka biznesu, PWN, Warszawa 2000. ; Lewicki R. J., Robinson R. J., Ethical and unethical bargaining tactics: An empirical study, "Journal of Business Ethics", 17(6), 1998. ; Lewicki R.J., Weiss S.E., Lewin D., Models of conflict, negotiation and third party intervention: A review and synthesis, ,,Journal of Organizational Behaviour", Vol. 13, 1992. ; Lissowski G. (red.), Elementy teorii wyboru społecznego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2001. ; Luce R., Raiffa H. , Games and Decisions. Introduction and Critical Survey, Jon Wiley, New York 1958; polskie wydanie: Gry i decyzje, PWN, Warszawa 1964. ; Luecke R., Negocjacje. Sztuka zawierania dobrych kontaktów, Harward Business Essentials, Warszawa 2008. ; Binmore K., Fun and Games. A text on Game theory, D.C. Heath and Company Lexington 1992. ; Malawski M., Wieczorek A. , Sosnowska H., Konkurencja i kooperacja. Teoria gier w ekonomii i naukach społecznych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1997. ; March G., Simon A., Teoria organizacji, PWN, Warszawa 1964. ; Masewicz W., Rokowania oraz spory zbiorowe pracy, Biblioteczka Pracownicza, Warszawa 1993. ; Mastenbroek W., Negocjowanie, PWN, Warszawa 1997. ; Mayer B., The dynamics of conflict resolution. A practitioner's guide, Jossey-Brass, A Wiley Company, San Francisco 2000. ; Mc Clintock C., Game Behavior and Social Motivation in Interpersonal Settings, [in:] Experimental Social Psychology, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York. ; Mc Gregor D. F., The Human Side of Enterprise, McGraw-Hill, New York 1985. ; Mesjasz C., Mediacje w konflikcie, ,,Przegląd Organizacji", 9(92). ; Mesjasz C., Założenia analizy negocjacji, ,,Organizacja i Kierowanie", nr 3(85), 1996. ; Mesjasz C., Determinanty i modele procesów negocjacji kredytowych pomiędzy bankiem a przedsiębiorstwem, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Krakowie, Kraków 2000. ; Binmore K., Osborne M. J., Rubinstein A., Noncooperative models of bargaining, [in:] Aumann R. J., Hart S. (eds.), Handbook of game theory with economic applications, Tom I, Elsevier 1994. ; Mikuła G., Wenzel M., Justice and Social Conflict, ,,International Journal of Psychology", 35(2), 2000. ; Modzelewski W., Wprowadzenie do socjologii, "Śląsk" Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice 1999. ; Moore Ch. W., The Mediation Process. Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, Londyn 1986. ; Morrow J. D., Game Theory for Political Scientists, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1994. ; Mucha J., Konflikt i społeczeństwo, PWN, Warszawa 1978. ; Mulholan J., The Language of Negotiation: A Handbook of Practical Strategies for Improving Communication, Routledge, London 1991. ; Murnighan J. K., Bargaining games. A new approach to strategic thinking in negotiations, William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York 1992. ; Myerson R. B., Game theory. Analysis of conflict, Harvard University Press, Harvard 1991. ; Myśliwiec G ., Techniki i triki negocjacyjne, EFEKT, Warszawa 1999. ; Nahotko S., Negocjacje biznesowe w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem. Aspekt ekonomiczny, Biblioteka Menadżera Służby Pracowniczej, Zeszyt 192, OPO, Bydgoszcz 2001. ; Birkenbihl V., Komunikacja werbalna. Psychologia prowadzenia negocjacji, Astrum, Wrocław 1997. ; Najowska M., Problemy badania wpływu kapitału ludzkiego na zachowanie przedsiębiorcze, [w:] M. Juchnowicz (red.), Kapitał ludzki a kształtowanie przedsiębiorczości, Poltext, Warszawa 2004. ; Nierenberg G.I., Sztuka negocjacji, Studio Emka, Warszawa 1997. ; Nash J., Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (US)", No. 36, 1950. ; Nash J., Non-cooperative games, "Annals of Mathematics", Vol. 54, 1951. ; Nash J., The bargaining problem, "Econometrica" , No. 18, 1950. ; Nash J., Two–Persons Cooperative Games, "Econometrica", No. 21, 1953. ; Nęcki Z., Negocjacje w biznesie, Profesjonalna Szkoła Biznesu, Kraków 1991. ; Nęcki Z., Komunikacja międzyludzka, Wydawnictwo Aktywa, Kraków 2000. ; Nierenberg G. I., Sztuka negocjacji jako metoda osiągania celu, Wydawnictwo Studio Emka, Warszawa 1994. ; Nogalski B., Jarocki P., Komunikacja niewerbalna w negocjacjach międzynarodowych, TNOiK, Bydgoszcz 1998. ; Blake R., Molton J., The management by grid principles or intuitionalism: Which?, "Group and Organization Studies", No. 6, 1981. ; Obłój K., Mikroszkółka zarządzania, PWE, Warszawa 1994. ; Ordeshook P.C., Game Theory and Political Theory, Cambridge University, Cambridge 1986. ; Osborne M.J., Rubinstein A., Bargaining and Markets, Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, CA 1990. ; Owen G., Teoria gier, PWN, Warszawa 1975. ; Pawlak Z., Systemy informatyczne, PWN, Warszawa 1983. ; Parsons T., The social systems, Routledge, London 1951. ; Perrotin R., Heusschen P., Kupić z zyskiem. Negocjacje handlowe, Poltext, Warszawa 1994. ; Pietras C., Decydowanie polityczne, PWN, Warszawa 1998. ; Pietrzak M. (red.), Metody i techniki menadżerskie, Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa 2007. ; Pruitt D. G., Negotiator Behaviour, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. 1981. ; Borkowska S., Negocjacje zbiorowe, PWE, Warszawa 1997. ; Putman L. L., Roloff M.E. (eds.), Communication and Negotiation, Sage, Newbury Park 1992. ; Pruitt D. G., Carnevale P. J., Negotiation in social conflict, Open University Press, Buckingham 1993. ; Pszczółkowski T., Umiejętność przekonywania i dyskusji, Warszawa 1995. ; Rahim M. A., A measures of styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict, ,,Academy of Management Journal", 26(2), 1983. ; Rahim M. A., Toward a theory of managing organizational conflict, ,,The International Journal of Conflict Management", Vol. 13, No. 3, 2002. ; Raiffa H. , The Art and the Science of Negotiation, Harvard University Press, Harvard 1982. ; Rapoport A., Guyer M.,Gordon D., The 2x2 Games, Ann Arbor, 1976. ; Reiter R., A logic for default reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, No. 13, 1980. ; Robbins S. P., Zachowania w organizacji, PWE, Warszawa 1998. ; Roszkowska E., Etyka a negocjacje, [w:] Ekonomia. Polityka. Etyka, (red.) A. F. Bocian, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok 2003. ; Borkowski J., Dyrda M., Kanarski L., Rokicki B., Wybrane problemy psychologii organizacji. O konflikcie i negocjacjach, Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki Stosowanej i Zarządzania, Warszawa 2000. ; Roszkowska E., Proces negocjacji w ujęciu teorii kompleksów reguł, "Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne", nr 2(10), 2001. ; Roszkowska E., Modelowanie procesów decyzyjnych oraz negocjacji za pomocą kompleksów reguł, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok 2007. ; Roszkowska E., Style negocjacji-analiza zagadnienia, ,,Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne", nr 4(20), 2003. ; Rubin J. Z., Brown B. R., The Social Psychology of Bargaining and Negotiation, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. 1975. ; Rumel-Syska Z., Konflikty organizacyjne. Ujęcie mikrospołeczne, PWN, Warszawa 1990. ; Rusinowska A., Przetarg, [w:] Grupowe podejmowanie decyzji. Elementy teorii. Przykłady zastosowań, (red.) H. Sosnowska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 1999. ; Rusinowska A., Zagadnienie przetargowe ze zmiennymi w czasie preferencjami graczy, "Roczniki Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych", Zeszyt 6, 1998. ; Rządca R., Negocjacje w interesach, PWE, Warszawa 2003. ; Rządca R. A., Wujec P., Negocjacje, PWE , Warszawa 1998. ; Sajkiewicz A. (red.), Zasoby ludzkie w firmie. Organizacja, kierowanie, ekonomika, Poltext, Warszawa 1999. ; Błaut R., Skuteczne negocjacje, CIM , Warszawa 1994. ; Salacuse J., Salacuse J. W., Negocjacje na rynkach międzynarodowych, PWE, Warszawa 1994. ; Schelling T. C., Arms and the influence, Yale University Press, New Haven 1966. ; Schelling T. C., The strategy of conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1960. ; Sebenius J. K., Negotiation Analysis: A Characterization and Review, ,,Management Science", Vol. 38, No. 1, 1992. ; Shubik M., Game Theory in Social Sciences. Concepts and solutions, The MIT Press, Cambridge 1982. ; Sikora J., Zarządzanie konfliktem w zakładzie pracy, TNOIK, Bydgoszcz 1998. ; Smith W. H., "Conflict", ,,Management Reviev", 1974; Omówienie [w:] ,,Organizacja i Kierowanie", nr 4, 1975. ; Sosnowska H., (red.), Grupowe podejmowanie decyzji, Scholar, Warszawa 2005. ; Spector B., Negotiation as a Psychological Process, [in:] I. W. Zartman (ed.), Negotiation Process: Theories and Applications, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1978. ; Stelmaszczyk M., Negocjowanie kontraktów handlowych. Poradnik dla eksporterów i importerów, CDKHZ, Warszawa 1992. ; Brdulak H., Brdulak J., Negocjacje handlowe, PWE, Warszawa 2000. ; Stępniewski J., Metoda negocjacji. Przygotowanie – techniki – sytuacje, AE we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2001. ; Stoner J. A. F., Freeman R. E., Gilbert D. R., Kierowanie, PWE, Warszawa 2001. ; Stoner J. A. F., Wankel Ch., Kierowanie, PWE, Warszawa 1994. ; Straffin P., Teoria gier, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2000. ; Szaban J., Negocjacje jako jedna z technik zarządzania, Doskonalenie Kadr Kierowniczych, nr 2, 1986. ; Szapiro T., Co decyduje o decyzji, PWN, Warszawa 1993. ; Szapiro T., Podejście interaktywne we wspomaganiu podejmowania decyzji, ,,Monografie i Opracowania", nr 338, SGPIS, Warszawa 1991. ; Szostak A., Zarządzanie konfliktem, ,,Personel", nr 4, 1996. ; Szczepański J., Elementarne pojęcia socjologii, PWN, Warszawa 1969. ; Sztumski J., Konflikty społeczne i negocjacje jako metody ich przezwyciężania, Wydawnictwo Wydziału Zarządzania Politechniki Częstochowskiej, Częstochowa 2000. ; Brdulak H., Brdulak J., Sztuka i technika negocjacji handlowych, Wyd. Bizant, Warszawa 1996. ; Thomas K., Conflict and conflict management, [in:] Dunette M. D (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Rand McNally, Chicago 1976. ; Thompson L., The mind and heart of the negotiator, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 2001. ; Thompson V., Modern organizations, Knopf, New York 1961. ; Thompson T. D., Organizations in action, McGraw-Hill, New York 1967 ; Thompson W., A class of solutions to bargaining Problems, "Journal of Economic Theory", Vol. 25, 1981. ; Thompson W., Cooperative models of bargaining, [in:] R. J. Aumann, S. Hart, (ed.), Handbook of game theory with economic applications, t. II, Elsevier 1994. ; Uniszewski Z., Konflikty i negocjacje, Prószyński i S-ka, Poznań 2000. ; Ury W., Odchodząc od nie. Negocjowanie od konfrontacji do kooperacji, PWE, Warszawa 1995. ; Wachowicz T., E-negocjacje. Modelowanie, analiza i wspomaganie, Wydawnictwo AE w Katowicach, Katowice 2006. ; Walas J., Konflikt na cenzurowanym, "Personel", 1996. ; Burns T., Caldas J. C., Roszkowska E., Generalized Game Theory's Contribution to Multi-agent Modelling Addressing Problems of Social Regulation, Social Order, and Effective Security, [in:] B. Dunin-Keplicz. A. Jankowski, A. Skowron, M. A. Szczuka (eds.), Monitoring, Security and Rescue Techniques in Multiagent Systems, Springer, Verlag 2005. ; Wall J. A., Stark J. B., Standifer R. L., Mediation. A current review and theory development, ,,Journal of Conflict Resolution", Vol. 45 (3), 2001. ; Watkins M., Sztuka negocjacji w biznesie. Innowacyjne podejścia prowadzące do przełomu, Wydawnictwo ONE Press, Warszawa 2005. ; Walton R. E., McKersie R. B., A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations, ILR Press, Ithaca, New York 1993. ; Watson J., Strategia, Wprowadzenie do teorii gier, WNT, Warszawa 2005. ; Warschow T. A., Winning by Negotiation, McGraw Hill Book, New York 1990. ; Watson J. , Strategia. Wprowadzenie do teorii gier, WNT, Warszawa 2005. ; Weber R. A., Zasady zarządzania organizacjami, PWE, Warszawa 1990. ; Winch A., Winch S., Lepiej sprzedać, lepiej kupić. Taktyki perswazyjne w negocjacjach, ,,Personel", nr 13/14 (82/83), 2000. ; Winch S., Mity negocjacji, "Organizacja i Kierowanie", nr 2(112), 2003. ; Winch A., Winch S., Negocjacje. Jednostka, organizacja, kultura, Difin, Warszawa 2005. ; Burns T., Meeker L., Structural Properties and Resolutions of the Prisonier's Dilemma Game, [in:] A. Rapoport (eds.), Game Theory as the Conflict Resolution, Dordrecht-Holland, Reidel 1974. ; Von Neumann J., Morgenstern O., Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1972. ; Vliert E., Van de Prein E., The difference In the meaning of forcing In the conflict management of actors and observers, Referat na I Miedzynarodową Konferencję Grupy Kierowania Konfliktami, Fairfax, Wirginia 1987. ; Van de Vliert E., Kabanoff B., Toward Theory-Based Measures of Conflict Management, "The Academy of Management Journal", Vol. 33 (1). ; Zartman W. I. (ed.), International Multilateral Negotiation, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 1994. ; Zbiegień-Maciąg L., Negocjowanie i negocjacje. Sposób na konflikty, Centrum Kreowania Liderów, Kłudzienko 1994. ; Zbiegień-Maciąg L., Taktyki i techniki negocjacyjne, Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne, Kraków 2001. ; Zbiegiem Maciąg L., Zarządzanie personelem w firmie, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków 1995. ; Zarman I. W., Berman M., The Practical Negotiator, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connn. 1982. ; Burns T. Roszkowska E., Generalized Game Theory: Assumptions, Principles, and Elaborations Grounded in Social Theory, In Search of Social Order, Series. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 2005, 8(21). ; Burns T., Roszkowska E., Economic and Social Equilibria: The Perspective of Generalized Game Theory, "Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne", Nr 3(31), 2006. ; Burns T., Roszkowska E., Fuzzy Game Theory: The Perspective of the General Theory of Games on Nash and Normative Equilibria, [in:] S. K. Pal, L. Polkowski, A. Skowron (eds.), Rough-Neural Computing: Techniques for Computing with Words, Springer, Verlag 2003. ; Boulding K. E., Conflict and defense, Harper, New York 1962. ; Caderman L., Unpacking the National Interest: An Analysis of Preference Aggregation in Ordinal Games, [in:] Game Theory and International Relations. Candidate Images in Presidential Elections, Westport-London 1995. ; Carnevale P.J., Pruitt D.G., Negotiation and mediation, "Annu. Rev. Psychol.", No. 43, 1992. ; Casse P., Jak negocjować, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań 1996. ; Cenker E. M., Negocjacje, Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Komunikacji i Zarządzania w Poznaniu, Poznań 2002. ; Chełpa S., Witkowski T., Paradoks zgody, czyli zarządzanie w sytuacjach konfliktowych i zarządzanie przez konflikt, "Personel" 10(67) 1999. ; Chełpa S., Witkowski J., Psychologia konfliktów, Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa 1995. ; Christopher E. M., Umiejętność negocjowania w biznesie, ZYSK i S-KA, Poznań 1998. ; Coddington A. J., Theories of the Bargaining Process, Aldine, Chicago 1968. ; Collins A., Mowa ciała, Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, Warszawa 2002. ; Colman A., Game Theory and Experimental Games: The Study of Strategic Interaction, Oxford-New York, Toronto-Sydney-Paris-Frankfurt 1982. ; Coser L. A., Funkcjonalna teoria konfliktu, [w:] J. Turner, Struktura teorii socjologicznej, PWN, Warszawa 1985. ; Cross J. G., Negotiation as a Learning Process, "Journal of Conflict Resolution", Vol. 21, 1977. ; Cyret R, March G., A behavioral theory of the firm, Oxford University Press, London 1963. ; Dana D., Rozwiązywanie konfliktów, PWE, Warszawa 1993. ; Dąbrowski P., Praktyczna teoria negocjacji, Sorbog, Warszawa 1991. ; Deutsch M., The resolution of conflict. Constructive and destructive process, Yale Univ. Pr., New Haven, New Haven 1973. ; Deutsch M., Cooperation and conflict: a personal perspective on the history of the social psychological study of conflict resolution West, M.A, [in:] D. J. Tjosvold, G. H. Smith (eds.), International handbook of organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working, Wiley&Sons 2003. ; Domański S. R., Kapitał ludzki a wzrost gospodarczy, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1993. ; Drabik E., Elementy teorii gier dla ekonomistów, Wydawnictwo UwB, Białystok 1998. ; Drucker P. F., Praktyka zarządzania, Czytelnik, Kraków, 1994. ; Druckman D., Boundary Role Conflict: Negotiation as Dual Responsiveness, "Journal of Conflict Resolution", 1977, Vol. 21. ; Eisenhardt K. M., Kahwajy J. I., Bourgeois L. J. III, How Management Teams Can Have o Good Fight, Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1997. ; Fisburn P. C., Rubinstein A., Time preference, International Economic Review, (23) 1982. ; Fiszer R., Ury W., Patton B., Dochodząc do Tak. Negocjowanie bez poddawania się, PWE, Warszawa 1996. ; Flower A., Jak skutecznie negocjować, Petit, Warszawa 1991. ; Friedman W. J., Game theory with applications to economics, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990. ; Galas Z., Nykowski I., Żółkiewski Z., Programowanie wielokryterialne, PWE, Warszawa 1987. ; Gasparski W., Etyka biznesu, PWN, Warszawa 2000. ; Gesteland R. F., Różnice kulturowe a zachowania w biznesie, PWN, Warszawa 2000. ; Gomolińska A., Rule Complexes for Representing Social Actors and Interactions, "Studies in Logic Grammar, and Rhetoric", No. 3(16), 1999. ; Gonciarski W., Konflikt niejedno ma imię (1), "Personel", 4(7), 1995. ; Gonciarski W., Konflikt niejedno ma imię (2), "Personel", 5(8), 1995. ; Gonciarski W., Konflikt niejedno ma imię (3), "Personel", 6(9), 1995. ; Goncarski W., Jak kierować konfliktami? (cz. I), "Personel", 7(10), 1995. ; Goncarski W., Jak kierować konfliktami? (cz II), "Personel", 8(11), 1995. ; Graham J., Vis-a-vis. International business negotiation, [in:] P. Ghauri, J.C. Claude Usunier (eds.), International Business Negotiations, Pergamon 1996. ; Griffin R., Podstawy zarządzania organizacjami, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2007. ; Gulliver P. H., Disputes and Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, Academic Press, Orlando 1979. ; Hamman J., Demokracja, decyzje, wybory, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2004. ; Harsany J. C., Approaches to the bargaining problem before and after the theory of games: a critical discussion of Zeuthen's, Hick's and Nash's theories, "Econometrica", (24) 1956. ; Harsany J., Game Theory and the Analysis of International Conflict, [in:] James S. Rosenau (ed.), International Politics and Foreign Policy, Free Press, New York 1969. ; Harsanyi J. C., Selten J., A Generalized Nash Solution for Two-person Bargaining Games with Incomplete Information, ,,Management Science", No. 18, 1972. ; Hawes L., Smith D., A critique of the assumption underlying the study of communication in conflict, ,,Speech Monographs", T.59, No. 4, 1973. ; Hawkins L., Hundson M., Cornall R., Prawnik jako negocjator, "ABC", Warszawa 1994. ; Houba H., Sneek K., Vardy F., Can Negotiations Prevent Fish Wars?, Tinbergen Institute, Discussion Paper 1996. ; Morrow J. D., Game Theory for Political Scientists, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1994. ; Jankowski W. B. , Sankowski T. P., Jak negocjować, CIM, Warszawa 1995. ; Jastrzębska-Smolaga H. (red.), Ekonomiczne podstawy negocjacji. Pomiędzy prawem a moralnością, Difin, Warszawa 2007. ; Juchnowicz M. (red.), Elastyczne zarządzanie kapitałem ludzkim w organizacji wiedzy, Difin, Warszawa 2007. ; Kowalczyk-Grzenkiewicz J., Arcimowicz J., Jermakow P., Rozwiązywanie konfliktów, sztuka negocjacji i komunikacji, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2003. ; Kalai E., Proportional solutions to bargaining Situations: Interpersonal Utility Comparisons, ,,Econometrica", (45) 1977. ; Kalai E., Smorodinsky M., Other solutions to Nash's Bargaining Problem, ,,Econometrica", No. 43, 1975. ; Kałążna-Drewińska U., Negocjacje w biznesie. Kluczowe problemy, Wydawnictwo AE we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2006. ; Kamiński J., Negocjowanie techniki rozwiązywania konfliktów, Poltext, Warszawa 2003. ; Kamiński J., Modele procesów negocjacji, "Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne", nr 1(5), 2000. ; Kamiński J., Negocjacje w biznesie jako przedmiot zainteresowania nauk ekonomicznych, "Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne", nr 4(24), 2002. ; Kamiński J. Negocjacje w działalności marketingowej przedsiębiorstw, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok 2006. ; Karrass G., Dobić targu, Wydawnictwo Businessman, Sopot 1991. ; Kennedy G., Negocjacje doskonałe, Dom Wydawniczy REBIS, Poznań 1999. ; Kerstern G. E., Szapiro T., Generalized Approach to Modeling Negotiations, "European Journal of Operational Reseach", Vol. 26, 1986. ; Kersten G. E., Szapiro T., Generalized Approach to Modelling Negotiations, "European Journal of Operational Reseach", Vol. 35, No. 1, 1986. ; Kipnis D., Smith S. M., An influence Perspective on Bargaining within Organizations, "Research on Negotiation in Organizations", Vol. 1, 1983. ; Kowalczyk-Grzenkowicz J., Arcimowicz J., Jermakowicz P., Rozwiązywanie konfliktów, sztuka negocjacji i komunikacji, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2003. ; Kowalczyk E., Psychologiczne uwarunkowania negocjacji gospodarczych, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu, Poznań 2001. ; Kozielecki J., Konflikt, teoria gier i psychologia, PWN, Warszawa 1970. ; Kozioł L., Tyrańska M., Bińczycki B. , Metody analizy strategicznej w obszarze zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, AE w Krakowie, Zeszyty Naukowe Nr 603, 2002. ; Kozina A., Style negocjowania-analiza porównawcza, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Ekonomicznej w Krakowie, Nr 561, 2001. ; Koźmiński A. K., Piotrowski W. (red.), Zarządzanie. Teoria i praktyka, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1998. ; Kreps D., Game Theory and Economic Modelling, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990. ; Kreps D., A Course in Microeconomics Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1990. ; Kreps D. M., Wilson R., Sequential equilibria, "Econometrica", No. 50, 1982. ; Kruś L., Bronisz P., Łopuch B., MCBARG System Supporting Multicriteria Bargaining, "Control and Cybernetics", Vol. 22, No. 4, 1993. ; Krzymieniewska G., Od walki do współpracy. Negocjacyjna sztuka zawierania porozumień, TNOIK, Bydgoszcz 1998. ; Kuc B. R., Moczydłowska J. M., Zachowania organizacyjne, Difin, Warszawa 2009.