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The Treaty of Lisbon, in line with the failed Constitutional Treaty and in the sequence of several initiatives which had taken place, came to provide for the mechanism of permanent structured cooperation. The goal of this mechanism is to enable the arising of a vanguard of Member States, eventually ready to form the embryo of a future European Union's exclusive defence system. Although permanent structured cooperation represents a step towards the application of the "community method" to security and defence of the European Union, it doesn't still fit in that pattern. Only future can tell, if permanent structured cooperation is likely to provide the European Union with a security and defence policy based on the "community method".

The present article analyses the writing, edition and diffusion of the Memories of the Duke of Sully. With that in mind, the first section refers to the context in which the work was made; the second presents general characteristics of the European confederation; and the third describes discrepancies of its versions. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections studies the chronology and the stages of the writing, the changes made in the manuscripts and their diffusion; the seventh examines the debate on the historical primacy of the Memories. The article tries to reconstruct the conditions that determine the elaboration and reception of the first Pan-European project. Adapted from the source document.

Examines differences in defense policies of Spain and Portugal, relations between the two countries, with the Western European Union, with the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union, and with NATO during and after the cold war.