Suchergebnisse

The paper considers the level of self-sufficiency of the European Union countries in milk and dairy products, volume of dairy products export from Belarus to these countries, import duties on dairy products. The structure of the customs law of the European Union countries is presented. Described are non-tariff measures of import regulation, the main requirements for the import of agricultural products, rules of dairy products import, and documents regulating food products import. ; В статье рассматривается уровень самообеспеченности стран ЕС молоком и молочными продуктами, объем экспорта молочной продукции в эти страны из Беларуси, импортные пошлины на молочные продукты. Дана характеристика структуры таможенного права стран ЕС, рассмотрены нетарифные меры регулирования импорта, применяемые в странах ЕС, основные требования к импорту сельскохозяйственной продукции из третьих стран и правила ввоза молочных продуктов, регламенты и документы, регулирующие импорт пищевых продуктов.

Revenue autonomy is one of the fundamental pillars of self-government in the economic sense. The assurance of LSUs to a significant share of own revenue should be based on their character, above all the impact on their size, the predictability, the freedom of disposal and the independence of local governments from the state budget. The level of fiscal autonomy of self-government is a derivative of national solutions adopted in Poland, the level of decentralization, the amount, type and efficiency of self-government income sources combined with the spatial distribution of the tax base and the scope of taxation power of the self-government sector. It largely determines the development opportunities of local communities. Hence, it is important to address this topic in various aspects. This work aims to analyze the level of revenue autonomy of local government units in Poland against the background of selected European Union countries, indicating the importance of taxation power in creating this autonomy. ; Samodzielność dochodowa stanowi jeden z podstawowych filarów samorządności w wymiarze ekonomicznym. Zapewnienie JST istotnego udziału dochodów własnych powinno wynikać z ich charakteru, przede wszystkim z możliwości oddziaływania na ich wielkość, przewidywalność, możliwość swobodnego dysponowania oraz uniezależnienia JST od sytuacji budżetu państwa. Poziom samodzielności dochodowej samorządu jest pochodną przyjętych w kraju rozwiązań w zakresie organizacji państwa, poziomu decentralizacji zadań, ilości, rodzaju i wydajności źródeł dochodów przyznanych JST w połączeniu z przestrzennym rozmieszczeniem bazy podatkowej oraz zakresu przyznanego sektorowi samorządowemu władztwa podatkowego. W znacznym stopniu decyduje on o możliwościach rozwojowych wspólnot samorządowych. Stąd ważne jest podejmowanie tego tematu w różnych aspektach. Celem opracowania jest poddanie analizie stopnia samodzielności dochodowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce na tle wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej ze wskazaniem znaczenia władztwa podatkowego w kształtowaniu tej samodzielności.

The article focuses on the Armenian vector in the foreign policy of Turkey, the Russian Federation, and the European Union countries. The main contradictions between Armenia and the mentioned actors of international relations in the South Caucasus are outlined. The issues of cooperation and competition among Turkey, Russia and the European Union concerning Armenia and the Nagorny Karabakh conflict are analysed as well. ; В статье анализируется армянский вектор внешней политики Турецкой Республики, Российской Федерации и государств Европейского Союза. Выявляются основные проблемы и противоречия, которые существуют между Арменией и этими акторами международных отношений на Южном Кавказе. Рассмотрены и вопросы сотрудничества и конкуренции между Турцией, РФ и ЕС на армянском направлении, в Нагорно-Карабахском конфликте.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Вопросы торгово-экономического сотрудничества между европейскими странами и Республикой Беларусь приобретают особую важность, особенно после присоединения к Евросоюзу новых стран — участниц интеграционного объединения. Расширение сотрудничества с новыми членами Евросоюза становится важнейшей задачей для внешнеторговой политики белорусского правительства. Все позитивные и негативные моменты от расширения границ Евросоюза должны быть учтены при формировании внешнеэкономического сотрудничества между Республикой Беларусь и новым составом ЕС, включая решение вопросов административного регулирования, изменения налогообложения, величины таможенных ставок и пошлин, антидемпингового мониторинга и др., что важно при формировании и развитии экспортного потенциала страны. = The issues of trade-economic regulations between the Republic of Belarus and the European Union countries become a most important theme in Belarusian trade relations after the accession of new members to the European Union. Expansion of cooperation with the new members of the European Union is the main direction of the international trade policy of Belarusian government. All positive and negative factors of new issues of economic cooperation after the EU enlargement must be taken into consideration. They comprise administrative complexity, frequent changes in tax law, variations in customs tariff and payments, antidumping monitoring system, etc. These are the main goals for export potential development.

The sustainable development issue since 60s of XX century is present on the international debate. One of the areas discussed in the sustainable development context is the climate change and energy and this in different ways for example taking energy from renewable energy sources, primary energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission. It goes probably from the connection between the energy sector and interference into the natural environment, the exploitation the natural sources and its high emission, what has a special meaning nowadays. that is why European Union starts to thing about special meaning of this issue, can we find this in its strategy documents. The main aim of this work is the attempt assessment the level of realization the sustainable development in climate change and energy area in Poland and comparing that to the other European countries. The sustainable development in the climate change and energy has been shown in Polish and European countries strategy. The comparative analysis Poland to the other EU countries has been done. The state documents and study literature have been used in this article. The comparative analysis were based on data form Eurostat. ; Współcześnie problematyka związana ze zmianami klimatycznymi i pozyskiwaniem, wykorzystaniem energii jest szeroko dyskutowana tak na arenie międzynarodowej, jak i krajowej. Wyrazem obecności tej tematyki w dyskursie publicznym jest ujmowanie jej w wielu dokumentach międzynarodowych, krajowych (także tych o charakterze strategicznym). Stanowi ona także jeden z obszarów omawianych w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju poprzez zwrócenie uwagi m. in. na pozyskiwanie energii ze źródeł odnawianych, zużycie energii pierwotnej, czy też wielkość emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Także Unia Europejska w ramach dążenia do zrównoważonego rozwoju zaczęła przypisywać szczególne znaczenie wspomnianej problematyce. Wobec powyższego za cel artykułu przyjęto próbę oceny poziomu realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w obszarze dotyczącym zmian klimatycznych i energii w Polsce na tle krajów unijnych. Celowi pracy podporządkowano jej poszczególne części, w których przybliżono zrównoważony rozwój w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii w unijnych dokumentach strategicznych, oraz przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą Polski na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, dokumenty rządowe, zaś przeprowadzone analizy oparto o dane wtórne pochodzące z Eurostatu.

The sustainable development issue since 60s of XX century is present on the international debate. One of the areas discussed in the sustainable development context is the climate change and energy and this in different ways for example taking energy from renewable energy sources, primary energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission. It goes probably from the connection between the energy sector and interference into the natural environment, the exploitation the natural sources and its high emission, what has a special meaning nowadays. that is why European Union starts to thing about special meaning of this issue, can we find this in its strategy documents. The main aim of this work is the attempt assessment the level of realization the sustainable development in climate change and energy area in Poland and comparing that to the other European countries. The sustainable development in the climate change and energy has been shown in Polish and European countries strategy. The comparative analysis Poland to the other EU countries has been done. The state documents and study literature have been used in this article. The comparative analysis were based on data form Eurostat. ; Współcześnie problematyka związana ze zmianami klimatycznymi i pozyskiwaniem, wykorzystaniem energii jest szeroko dyskutowana tak na arenie międzynarodowej, jak i krajowej. Wyrazem obecności tej tematyki w dyskursie publicznym jest ujmowanie jej w wielu dokumentach międzynarodowych, krajowych (także tych o charakterze strategicznym). Stanowi ona także jeden z obszarów omawianych w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju poprzez zwrócenie uwagi m. in. na pozyskiwanie energii ze źródeł odnawianych, zużycie energii pierwotnej, czy też wielkość emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Także Unia Europejska w ramach dążenia do zrównoważonego rozwoju zaczęła przypisywać szczególne znaczenie wspomnianej problematyce. Wobec powyższego za cel artykułu przyjęto próbę oceny poziomu realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w obszarze dotyczącym zmian klimatycznych i energii w Polsce na tle krajów unijnych. Celowi pracy podporządkowano jej poszczególne części, w których przybliżono zrównoważony rozwój w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii w unijnych dokumentach strategicznych, oraz przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą Polski na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zmian klimatycznych i energii. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, dokumenty rządowe, zaś przeprowadzone analizy oparto o dane wtórne pochodzące z Eurostatu.

The handbook contains teaching materials for the courses developed by Nizhnevartovsk State University's teaching staff within the framework of Jean Monnet Modules implementation. The projects were supported in 2016. International scientific and educational activity is one of the most important indicators of higher educational institutions effective work in Russia. The necessary scientific and educational basis for international grant implementation projects has been created in Nizhnevartovsk State University (NVSU). Following the results of the 2nd Erasmus+ competition within the framework of Jean Monnet Activities, scientific and methodical seminar was held, at which teaching materials' presentations of supported Jean Monnet Module projects were submitted: - The European Union Social Policy. Academic coordinator: Lala Yakubova. - Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union. Academic coordinator: Denis Pogonishev, Irina Pogonisheva. The courses are implemented with the financial support of the European Commission in the framework of supported Jean Monnet Modules: The European Union Social Policy, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE and Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. The content of this material reflects the authors' opinion; the European Commission is not responsible for the use of the information contained therein. Курсы осуществляются при финансовой поддержке Европейской комиссии в рамках поддерживаемых модулей Жана Монне: Социальная политика Европейского союза, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE и Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека: Опыт Европейского Союза, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. Работа программа для курса « Окружающая среда и здоровье человека: опыт ЕС » разработана в рамках модуля Жана Моне « Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека : Опыт Европейского Союза », 574826- EPP -1-2016-1- RU - EPPJMO - МОДУЛЬ . Этот курс является частью учебных ...

The purpose of this article is to analyze the motivation to learn Russian language in Slavic countries of European Union. The paper describes factors that strongly influence the choice and the process of Russian language learning. A meta-analysis was carried out using data from statistics, sociology, economics, and linguistics. The results showed that many factors such as economic, political, cultural, linguistic, and religious affect motivation to varying degrees. The most important factor is the image of Russia among the country citizens. ; Цель настоящей статьи – проанализировать мотивацию изучения русского языка в славяноязычных странах Европейского союза. Исследование описывает причины, которые оказывают влияние на выбор и процесс изучения русского языка. Был проведен метаанализ с использованием данных из области статистики, социологии, экономики и лингвистики. Результаты показали, что множество факторов влияют на мотивацию в различной степени: экономические, политические, культурные, лингвистические, религиозные. Ключевым среди факторов является образ России в глазах жителей соответствующей страны.

This paper is an attempt to analyse European leadership and the role played by a reunited Germany in the European Union. The author proposes five fundamental theses: 1) the reunification of Germany ruined the balance of power in Europe; 2) the Eastern enlargement of NATO and the EU has moved the zone of political and military influence of the USA to the line of the Bug river; 3) the Germans have confirmed their position as a European power; 4) the foreign policy of Angela Merkel is a continuation of Gerhard Schroder's policy, meaning a transfer of the focus from European policy to prioritising German national interests; 5) the German issue has remained open. ; This paper is an attempt to analyse European leadership and the role played by a reunited Germany in the European Union. The author proposes five fundamental theses: 1) the reunification of Germany ruined the balance of power in Europe; 2) the Eastern enlargement of NATO and the EU has moved the zone of political and military influence of the USA to the line of the Bug river; 3) the Germans have confirmed their position as a European power; 4) the foreign policy of Angela Merkel is a continuation of Gerhard Schroder's policy, meaning a transfer of the focus from European policy to prioritising German national interests; 5) the German issue has remained open.

The article concerns the idea as well as the form of international cooperation between states and international organizations, illustrated by the example of the relationship between the European Union and the Pacific region. There is some useful literature on the subject but this needs be to completed. The influences of the world's leaders collide on the Pacific Ocean, which gives this area primacy in geopolitical domination, slowly downgrading the Atlantic Community. The main purpose of the paper is, therefore, to research the possibilities and methods of legal and extrajudicial cooperation betweentwo continents which are very distant from each other. This work underlines the difference between official policy, presented by the regional intergovernmental organizations, and the individual policies of member states, who are not tied down by Brussels politics and may maintain their own foreign relations. ; The article concerns the idea as well as the form of international cooperation between states and international organizations, illustrated by the example of the relationship between the European Union and the Pacific region. There is some useful literature on the subject but this needs be to completed. The influences of the world's leaders collide on the Pacific Ocean, which gives this area primacy in geopolitical domination, slowly downgrading the Atlantic Community. The main purpose of the paper is, therefore, to research the possibilities and methods of legal and extrajudicial cooperation between two continents which are very distant from each other. This work underlines the difference between official policy, presented by the regional intergovernmental organizations, and the individual policies of member states, who are not tied down by Brussels politics and may maintain their own foreign relations.

The growing significance of the real estate taxation in Europe creates the need for presentation of property taxes in economy and taxation theory. In this article an attempt is made to analyze the role of real estate taxes. Here is an outline of this article. In the first part attention is paid to the economic and social consequences of the real estate taxation. In the second part, real estate taxation systems in the European Union countries are described and the incomes from property taxes are presented with special regard to real estate taxes. The analysis allows to draw a few general conclusions relating the immovable property taxation policy. ; Учитывая возрастающее значение налогообложения недвижимости в странах ЕС, представляется необходимым описать сущность налогов на имущество в теории налогообложения и показать их роль в экономике. В статье исследуется роль налогов на недвижимость. Статья построена следующим образом. В первой части рассматриваются экономические и социальные последствия налогообложения недвижимости. Во второй части приведено описание систем налогообложения в странах ЕС, при этом рассматривая доходы от налогов на имущество, автор уделяет особое внимание налогам на недвижимость. Проведенный анализ позволяет сделать ряд общих выводов в отношении политики налогообложения недвижимой собственности.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Данная статья посвящена характеристике моделей экономической интеграции и их эффективности в зависимости от экономических, институциональных и политических условий. Рассматриваются понятия формальных и неформальных моделей экономической интеграции, внутренней и транснациональной интеграции, характеризуются состояние и перспективы формальной модели интеграции Европейского союза, влияния интеграционных процессов расширения и углубления интеграции на экономическое развитие стран — членов Сообщества. = This article is dedicated to the models of economic integration and their efficiency, depending on the economic, institutional and political conditions. The concepts of formal and informal models of economic integration, internal and transnational integration are considered, the state and prospects of a formal integration model of the European Union are characterized, as well as the impact of the integration processes of expanding and deepening integration on the economic development of the member states of the Union.

Раздел - "Международное право", рубрика - "Вопросы теории" ; Дадзены артыкул з'яўляецца спробай зрабіць унёсак у стварэнне ўніверсальнай тэарэтычнай метадалогіі апраксімацыі права дзяржаў, якія жадаюць стаць членамі ЕС або апраксімуюць сваё заканадаўства з правам ЕС па іншых прычынах. Аўтар дае азначэнне прававой апраксімацыі, выяўляе яе асноўныя характарыстыкі і прапануе тыпалогію спосабаў, метадаў і тэхнік. Сцвярджаецца, што працэс нарматворчасці ў рамках прававой апраксімацыі мае шэраг агульных прынцыпаў, а абавязковай часткай працэса з'яўляецца адпаведнасць новаўтвораных нормаў як да права ЕС, так і да нацыянальнай прававой сістэмы. Аналізуецца спецыфіка апраксімацыі з рэгламентамі і дырэктывамі ЕС і тлумачыцца неабходнасць маніторынга судовых рашэнняў. = This article is an attempt to contribute to the establishment of a universal theoretical methodology of legal approximation of the third countries which aspire to become the EU member states or which approximate their national legislation to that of the EU for other reasons. The author gives a defi nition of legal approximation, identifi es its main characteristics and proposes a typology of means, methods and techniques. It is argued that the process of law-making in the framework of legal approximation has a number of common principles and that the indispensable part of the process is the requirement that an approximation measure ought to be compatible both with the EU law and with the national legal system. Features peculiar to the EU regulations and directives are analysed and the necessity of the case-law is explained.

The article examines the experience of digital transformations in Europe. Following the United States and European Union countries in Russia, the program "Digital Economy in the Russian Federation" was approved. The success of its implementation is linked with the study and use of the experience of digital transformation, which is already happening in the world. In Europe, the Single Digital Market Strategy has been implemented for two years already. The first results of the implementation of the strategy were considered by the representatives of the European Union in Malta in June 2017. The progress of the implementation of the European strategy, the first results and further steps are discussed in this article. ; В статье рассматриваются опыт цифровых преобразований в Европе. В след за США и странами Европейского союза в России утверждена программа «Цифровая экономика в Российской Федерации». Успешность её реализации увязывают с изучением и использованием опыта цифровой трансформации, которая уже происходит в мире. В Европе уже два года реализуется Стратегия Единого Цифрового рынка. Первые итоги реализации стратегии были рассмотрены представителями Евросоюза на Мальте в июне 2017 г. Ход реализации европейской стратегии, первые результаты и дальнейшие шаги рассматриваются в данной статье.

Please visit: http://krzysztoffirlej.pl/; Współczesne systemy doradztwa rolniczego krajów Unii Europejskiej ukształtowały ewolucyjne przemiany i przekształcenia instytucjonalne dokonane w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. Ewolucja systemu doradztwa rolniczego miała indywidualny przebieg w poszczególnych krajach Unii Europejskiej, co spowodowało ukształtowanie różnych form systemu doradztwa – od państwowego, przez półpaństwowy, aż do prywatnego. Zmiany te z jednej strony były odpowiedzią na potrzeby rolników, z drugiej zaś wynikały ze specyfiki i możliwości budżetowych danego kraju. W ogólnym ujęciu, doradztwo jest działalnością zmierzającą do optymalnego rozwiązywania rodzących się problemów. Doradztwo (ang. extension or advisory) wiąże się z czynnością praktyczną – doradzaniem, które jest zdarzeniem społecznym polegającym na doraźnym działaniu udoskonalającym zachowanie jednostek lub grup, przez udział doradzającego (doradcy) w rozwiązywaniu problemów osób, którym się doradza, problemów dostrzeżonych nie tyle przez te osoby lub grupy, ile przez doradzającego. Z kolei doradztwo rolnicze to multidyscyplinarna dziedzina wiedzy łącząca w sobie elementy wielu nauk, między innymi: pedagogiki (andragogiki), psychologii, socjologii, ekonomii, zarządzania, marketingu. ; Summary: Modern farm advisory systems of the European Union countries were formed under the influence of evolutionary change and institutional transformations which have been made in the recent decades. The evolution of the farm advisory system had a unique course in different countries which resulted in shaping different forms of the advisory system from public, through semi-public to private. The aim of this study is to confirm that the farmers from the most industrialized countries eagerly use the instruments of common agricultural policy in the field of advisory services. It is widely assumed that the proper use of the farm advisory system affects the effectiveness of agricultural production in a specific country, sector or specific trade. The result of the conducted analysis is a thesis that highly developed countries of the Western Europe have been using various forms of agricultural production support for years, including all instruments related to the farm advisory system which favours their agricultural development. The authors put the programs, types, amount and the use of the funds intended for the farm advisory system in selected countries of the European Union to statistical and economic analysis. ; Krzysztof Firlej