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The article examines the experience of digital transformations in Europe. Following the United States and European Union countries in Russia, the program "Digital Economy in the Russian Federation" was approved. The success of its implementation is linked with the study and use of the experience of digital transformation, which is already happening in the world. In Europe, the Single Digital Market Strategy has been implemented for two years already. The first results of the implementation of the strategy were considered by the representatives of the European Union in Malta in June 2017. The progress of the implementation of the European strategy, the first results and further steps are discussed in this article. ; В статье рассматриваются опыт цифровых преобразований в Европе. В след за США и странами Европейского союза в России утверждена программа «Цифровая экономика в Российской Федерации». Успешность её реализации увязывают с изучением и использованием опыта цифровой трансформации, которая уже происходит в мире. В Европе уже два года реализуется Стратегия Единого Цифрового рынка. Первые итоги реализации стратегии были рассмотрены представителями Евросоюза на Мальте в июне 2017 г. Ход реализации европейской стратегии, первые результаты и дальнейшие шаги рассматриваются в данной статье.

Actio negatoria is necessary in a situation wherein no one questions the ownership of an object by the owner, and the object remains in his possession, but someone exploits it without sufficient legal basis, treats it just as if he was endowed with the opportunity and the right to use someone else's object. Despite the apparent simplicity of actio negatoria in the legislation of European countries, three models of this lawsuit have been developed, built according to the actio negatoria design that existed at different stages of the development of Roman private law – the common law model, the Roman model, and the German model. This study is based on the method of analysis of judicial practice and the method of comparative law. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that actio negatoria is not a universal method of protection. It is necessary to deviate from the principle of residual attention of the legislator to actio negatoria, residual, first of all, compared to rei vindicatio. Based on the analysis of the three models of actio negatoria that exist in the law of European countries, a new, fourth model of this lawsuit is proposed. Only an immovable object can be the subject of an actio negatoria dispute. Actio negatoria cannot be used to challenge the registered right to immovable objects. Actio negatoria can be used to protect the subjective right of property from a violation of ownership which is produced by interfering with possession and which does not result in dispossession. ; Actio negatoria is necessary in a situation wherein no one questions the ownership of an object by the owner, and the object remains in his possession, but someone exploits it without sufficient legal basis, treats it just as if he was endowed with the opportunity and the right to use someone else's object. Despite the apparent simplicity of actio negatoria in the legislation of European countries, three models of this lawsuit have been developed, built according to the actio negatoria design that existed at different stages of the development of Roman private law – the common law model, the Roman model, and the German model. This study is based on the method of analysis of judicial practice and the method of comparative law. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that actio negatoria is not a universal method of protection. It is necessary to deviate from the principle of residual attention of the legislator to actio negatoria, residual, first of all, compared to rei vindicatio. Based on the analysis of the three models of actio negatoria that exist in the law of European countries, a new, fourth model of this lawsuit is proposed. Only an immovable object can be the subject of an actio negatoria dispute. Actio negatoria cannot be used to challenge the registered right to immovable objects. Actio negatoria can be used to protect the subjective right of property from a violation of ownership which is produced by interfering with possession and which does not result in dispossession.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; Одной из характерных особенностей мирового хозяйства на рубеже тысячелетий являются глубокие геополитические изменения, обусловленные разрушением социалистической системы и развернувшимися коренными социально-экономическими преобразованиями во многих странах Центральной и Восточной Европы. В связи с интеграционными процессами в Европе особую актуальность приобретает анализ функционирования туристского комплекса стран ЦВЕ в новых условиях, в пределах единого европейского туристского пространства. В этом контексте важны определение места туризма в экономике, оценка структурных изменений в туристском комплексе новых независимых стран, а также оценка региона. Учитывая, что страны ЦВЕ являются самыми популярными направлениями выезда туристов Беларуси, особую актуальность представляет туристическая политика, реализуемая странами региона. На сегодняшний день этот туристский мезорегион является самым перспективным с точки зрения организации международного туризма. В связи с этим в статье рассматриваются особенности развития туризма в странах ЦВЕ. Закономерности развития туризма в этих странах существенно отличаются от направлений движения туристского комплекса стран СНГ. Автор обращает внимание не только на тенденции развития туризма в странах ЦВЕ после вхождения в Европейский союз, но и на механизмы реализации в них качественно обновленной туристской политики. = One of the main features of the global economy at the turn of the millenium is a dramatic global shift caused by the collapse of the world socialist system and further significant changes in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The recent integration processes in Europe give special topicality to the analysis of the performance of the tourism system of these countries in the new conditions of a single European tourism space. Thus, it is important within this context to evaluate structural changes in the tourism systems of the newly independent states, to determine the role of tourism in the country's economy as well as to evaluate its regional future. Special tourism policy implemented by the countries of the region is especially important considering that Central and Eastern Europe countries are the most popular directions of Belarusian tourism. Today this tourist mesoregion is most promising from the point of view of international tourism development. This article focuses on exploration of peculiarities of development of international tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. The regularities of tourism development in these countries differ greatly from the directions along which the CIS member-states tourism is developing. The author draws attention not only to the trends of development of tourism in Central and Eastern Europe countries after their acceding to the European Union but also to the mechanisms of implementation of radically updated tourism policy in these countries.

Demokratični deficit je že več desetletji stalnica akademskih razprav o Evropski uniji. Vsebina raziskovanj se je skozi čas bistveno spremenila, ohranja pa se temeljna misel, da se demokracija v Evropski uniji sooča z velikimi težavami. Zaupanje Evropejcev v Evropsko unijo je nizko, podobno velja tudi za občutek povezanosti z njenimi organi, zato je očitno, da so spremembe nujno potrebne. Z vsako večjo reformo pride do sprememb, ki bistveno vplivajo na razmerja moči med evropskimi institucijami in na njihov odnos do Evropejcev. Najvidnejše spremembe v zadnjih desetletjih so krepitev moči Evropskega parlamenta, ki se je razvil v vplivno institucijo, uvajanje institutov neposredne demokracije in druge reforme, ki jih je prinesla Lizbonska pogodba. Napredek pa je, žal, na drugi strani uravnotežen s pojavom mehanizmov in institutov, ki demokratična varovala zaobidejo. To so na primer ukrepi, ki so bili sprejeti kot odziv na dolžniško krizo evroobmočja in v velikem delu sploh ne spadajo med formalne pristojnosti Evropske unije. V svojem magistrskem delu sem analiziral in kritično ovrednotil procese, ki so bistveno vplivali na ključne organe Evropske unije, njihove spreminjajoče se medsebojne odnose ter predvidene učinke aktualnih reform. Pregledal sem širok izbor literature preteklih desetletji in predstavil različna teoretska izhodišča, na podlagi katerih avtorji skušajo opredeliti in analizirati demokratični deficit in z njim povezane tematike. Ključna ugotovitev mojega magistrskega mojega dela ni le, da so aktualne reforme premalo ambiciozne in demokratičnega deficita ne morejo odpraviti, ampak predvsem da demokratični deficit ni le kategorija akademskih razprav, temveč je zelo močno politično orodje in odločilno usmerja razvoj Evropske unije. Demokratični deficit je zato stalnica evropske demokracije in ne more nikoli biti povsem odpravljen, saj se ob razvoju Evropske unije vedno znova pojavlja v drugačnih oblikah, ki terjajo nove reforme in kritične analize akademikov, intelektualcev, državljanov, politikov in vseh drugih zainteresiranih strani. ; The democratic deficit has been a constant of all academic research on the European Union for the past few decades. While the scope of the research has changed considerably, the basic idea remains the same – democracy in the European Union is in serious trouble. Europeans' trust in the EU is low and the same goes for their connection with European institutions, therefore it is clear that changes are required. Every major reform alters the balance of power between European institutions and their relationship with European citizens. The most visible changes of the past decades are: the empowerment of the European parliament that has been transformed into an influential institution, the introduction of instruments of direct democracy and other reforms brought upon by the Treaty of Lisbon. Unfortunately, progress is balanced out by the emergence of various mechanisms and instruments that surpass all democratic checks and balances. For example, the measures that were adopted as a response to the European debt crisis were mostly not based on formal competencies of the EU. In my Master's thesis I analysed and critically evaluated the processes that crucially influenced the most significant European institutions, their ever-changing relationships and the anticipated effects of the current reforms. I examined a substantial body of literature from past decades and presented diverse theoretical starting points that the authors use to define and analyse the democratic deficit and related topics. The most significant finding of my Master's thesis is not only that the current reforms lack ambition and cannot eliminate the democratic deficit, but also that the democratic deficit is more than just a category of academic research and can often act as a strong political tool that decisively influences the development of the European Union. Therefore, the democratic deficit is a permanent element of European democracy and can never be fully eliminated as it always reappears in new forms that require constant reforms and critical analysis by academia, intellectuals, citizens, politicians and other stakeholders.

Article is devoted to the problems of applied economy connected with needs for considerable financing of infrastructure objects for the European Union. Taking into account the scale of demand measured in tens and hundreds of billions euros the national governments meet some difficulties to supply the demand for a number of reasons which are considered in article. It was offered to divide these reasons into four groups – not predicted or predicted low level of investors' demand for state debt obligations, cost of the loan capital taking into account all the risks, national and/or supranational restrictions on a deficit budget level and long-term restrictions in fiscal policy. On the other hand, private investors are afraid of problems of time inconsistency and market failures which essences were also presented in article. At first sight, the public private partnership, types of which were described - BOT, BOOT, BTO, BOO, BOMT, DBOOT and DBFO, can be applied as a way out. ; Статья посвящена проблемам прикладной экономики, связанным с потребностями в значительном финансировании инфраструктурных объектов в странах Европейского союза. Учитывая масштабность спроса, измеряемого в десятки и сотни миллиардов евро национальные правительства испытывают трудности с удовлетворением требуемого объема инвестиций по ряду причин, которые рассмотрены в статье. Предложено разделить эти причины на четыре группы – непрогнозируемый или прогнозируемо низкий уровень спроса инвесторов на государственные долговые обязательства, стоимость заемного капитала с учетом всех рисков, национальные и/или наднациональные ограничения на уровень дефицита в бюджете и ограничения в фискальной политике. С другой стороны, частные инвесторы опасаются проблемы временной противоречивости и провалов рынка, суть которых также представлена в статье. На первый взгляд, выходом из положения может оказаться частно-государственное партнерство, виды которого описаны – BOT, BOOT, BTO, BOO, BOMT, DBOOT и DBFO. ; Стаття присвячена проблемам прикладної економіки, пов'язаним з потребами в значному фінансуванні інфраструктурних об'єктів в країнах Європейського союзу. Враховуючи масштабність попиту, що вимірюється десятками і сотнями мільярдів євро, національні уряди зазнають труднощі із задоволенням необхідного обсягу інвестицій з низки причин, які було розглянуто в статті. Запропоновано розділити ці причини на чотири групи - непрогнозований або прогнозовано низький рівень попиту інвесторів на державні боргові зобов'язання, вартість позикового капіталу з урахуванням усіх ризиків, національні і/або наднаціональні обмеження на рівень дефіциту у бюджеті і обмеження у фіскальній політиці. З іншого боку, приватні інвестори побоюються проблеми часової суперечності та ринкових вадів, суть яких також представлена в статті. На перший погляд, вирішенням проблеми може виявитися приватно-державне партнерство, основні види якого було описано – BOT, BOOT, BTO, BOO, BOMT, DBOOT та DBFO.

Skrajno desne ideje so v evropskem prostoru prisotne že stoletja. Včasih zaradi določenih situacij pridejo na plano, v kratkem pa potem tudi izginejo. Evropska unija, ki se je izgradila na pogorišču skrajnih idej in sistemov, se je ponovno srečala s težko situacijo. V letu 2008 je staro celino zajela svetovna finančna kriza, ki je do temeljev pretresla dotedanjo uspešno evropsko integracijo in pri tem obudila skrajne ideje. Finančni krizi je po nekaj letih sledila migrantska, ki je že tako težko situacijo naredila še težjo. V določenih državah so se začele prebujati skrajne populistične in nacionalistične ideje, ki so krivca za nastalo situacijo iskale znotraj Evropske unije, v njenih institucijah in migrantih, ki so zaradi različnih razlogov prihajali v varno Evropo. Vzpon skrajno desnih strank je imel v posameznih državah različne motive, zakaj je stranka prišla na oblast oz. je imela v državi velik pomen. Vprašanje, ki se pojavlja ob trenutni situaciji v Evropski uniji, je, kako bodo skrajne ideje vplivale na nadaljnjo integracijo oz. dezintegracijo Evropske unije. ; Far-right ideas have been present in the European area for centuries. Certain situations cause them to emerge every now and then, before they disappear again not long after. The European Union, which was built on the ruins of radical ideas and political systems, is once again facing this menacing threat. In 2008, the old continent was hit by the global financial crisis, which shook the so far very successful European integration to its core and began to awake certain extremist notions. After a few years, the financial crisis was followed by the migrant crisis, which had since only exacerbated the situation. Populist and nationalist ideas, which were starting to resurge in some European countries, were looking for a scapegoat for the new state of affairs in the European Union and within the walls of its institutions and migrants, who were arriving into safe Europe for various reasons, made for a perfect target. The rise of far-right political parties had different motives in individual countries, regardless whether a particular party seized power or simply grew in prominence. The question that the European Union is facing at the moment is how these extremist ideas will influence further integration or disintegration of Europe.

РАЗДЕЛ I. Теория и методология физической географии. Современные методы и направления физико-географических исследований. Рациональное природопользование и устойчивое развитие регионов. Геоинформационное картографирование природных ресурсов ; Энергетика является одной из важнейших факторов, обеспечивающих промышленное и сельскохозяйственное производство и жизнеобеспечение многих стран мира. Современные способы получения электроэнергии с использованием АЭС, ГЭС плотинного типа, ТЭЦ, как правило, отрицательно влияют на состояние окружающей среды. В связи с этим актуальным становится использование альтернативных, возобновляемых источников энергии. Развитие альтернативной энергетики и поиск новых источников энергии – главная мировая тенденция нынешнего тысячелетия. В докладе дан анализ динамики развития ветроэнергетике в странах Европейского Союза и в Беларуси. ; Energy is one of the most important factors ensuring industrial and agricultural production and livelihoods of many countries of the world. Modern methods of generating electricity using nuclear power plants, dam-type hydropower plants, thermal power plants, as a rule, adversely affect the state of the environment. In this connection, the use of alternative, renewable energy sources becomes topical. The development of alternative energy and the search for new sources of energy is the main global trend of the current millennium. The report analyzes the dynamics of wind energy development in the European Union and in Belarus.