Suchergebnisse

This paper analyzes the impact of decentralization on overall fiscal performance in the European Union, taking into account fiscal institutional arrangements. We find that spending decentralization has been associated with sizably better fiscal performance, especially when transfer dependency of subnational governments is low. However, subnational fiscal rules do not seem to be associated with better performance

In the Summer of 1998, the Executive Board discussed a set of three papers prepared by the staff that focused on the likey impact of EMU on selected non-EU countries. In recognition of the contribution these papers could make to the literature and discussion of EMU, the Board requested that this collection of papers be published. This Occasional Paper presents the three papers in one volume Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the likely impact of EMU on three regions: Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and the African CFA zone. Chapter 2 focuses on the trade and financial effects of EMU on selected transition and Mediterranean countries. And Chapter 3 considers the possible implications of EMU for the Middle East and North Africa region

These reports describe the data protection laws of the European Union (Part I) and of selected foreign countries (Part II). They describe the legal framework for the collection, use, and transfer of data, and examine whether existing laws are adequate to deal with online privacy in an era of rapid technological development and globalization

1. The EU : history, institutions and sources of law -- 2. Enforcement actions against member states and preliminary rulings -- 3. European law supremacy and direct effect -- 4. Indirect effect and state liability -- 5. Free movement of goods 1 : articles 28-30 and 110 TFEU -- 6. Free movement of goods 2 : articles 34-36 TFEU -- 7. Personal mobility : citizenship and free movement of persons -- 8. Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services -- 9. Competition law 1 : article 101 TFEU -- 10. Competition law 2 : article 102 TFEU.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Boxes, Tables and Figures -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Competition and competition policy -- Introducing the European competition regime -- Organization of the book -- 2 The Evolution of the European Competition Regime -- Origins and influences -- From coal and steel to EEC -- The first fifteen years: 1958 to 1972 -- From recession to stagnation: 1973 to 1981 -- Towards a 'new' competition policy -- More recent trends and developments -- Conclusion -- 3 The Institutions of European Competition Governance -- The Parliament and the Council -- The European Commission -- Organization and functions -- The European Courts -- National actors and European networks -- Conclusion -- 4 Restrictive Practices Policy -- Article 81: regulating restrictive practices -- Policy practice -- Assessing restrictive practices policy -- The age of aggressive enforcement: the situation after 2004 -- Conclusion -- 5 Monopoly Policy -- Article 82 in context -- The Commission's analysis: demonstrating and establishing 'dominance' -- The Commission's assessment of 'abuse' -- Assessing monopoly policy -- The modernization of Article 82 -- Conclusion -- 6 Merger Policy -- The origins of European merger control -- Towards a coherent merger regime: procedure and practice -- The recast 2004 European Merger Regulation -- Assessing merger policy: politics and political sensitivities -- Conclusion -- 7 State Aid Policy -- Organization, powers and decision-making -- Towards a cohesive state aid regime -- Policy content -- Assessing state aid control -- Conclusion -- 8 Theoretical Perspectives 199 -- Can neo-functionalism account for supranational competition governance? -- Exploring Europeanization -- Conclusion -- 9 Conclusions -- Modernization and decentralization: policy and organizational reform.

European legislation affects countless aspects of daily life in modern Europe but just how does the European Union make such significant legislative decisions? How important are the formal decision-making procedures in defining decision outcomes and how important is the bargaining that takes place among the actors involved? Using a combination of detailed evidence and theoretical rigour, this volume addresses these questions and others that are central to understanding how the EU works in practice. It focuses on the practice of day-to-day decision-making in Brussels and the interactions that take place among the Member States in the Council and among the Commission, the Council and the European Parliament. A unique data set of actual Commission proposals are examined against which the authors develop, apply and test a range of explanatory models of decision-making, exemplifying how to study decision-making in other political systems using advanced theoretical tools and appropriate research design

Supranational governance is being challenged by politicians and citizens around the EU as over-centralized and undemocratic. This book is premised on the idea that polycentric governance, developed by Vincent and Elinor Ostrom, is a fruitful place to start for addressing this challenge. Assessing the presence of, and potential for, polycentric governance within the EU means approaching established principles and practices from a new perspective. While the debate on these issues is rich, longstanding and interdisciplinary, it has proven difficult to sidestep the 'renationalisation/federalisation' dichotomy. The aim of this volume is not to reject the EU's institutional structure but provide a different benchmark for the assessment of its functioning. Polycentric theory highlights the importance of multilevel horizontal relationships within the EU - between states, but also between many sub-state actors, all the way down to individuals. This helps us answer the question: how do we achieve self-governance in an interdependent world?

Since the 1957 Rome Treaty, the European Union has changed dramatically - in terms of its composition, scope and depth. Originally established by six Western European States, the EU today has 28 Members and covers almost the entire European continent; and while initially confined to establishing a "common market", the EU has come to influence all areas of political, economic and social life. In parallel with this enormous geographic and thematic expansion, the constitutional and legislative principles underpinning the European Union have constantly evolved. This three-volume study aims to provide an authoritative academic treatment of European Union law. Written by leading scholars and practitioners, each chapter offers a comprehensive and critical assessment of the state of the law. Doctrinal in presentation, each volume nonetheless tries to present a broader historical and comparative perspective.

Supranational governance is being challenged by politicians and citizens around the EU as over-centralized and undemocratic. This book is premised on the idea that polycentric governance, developed by Vincent and Elinor Ostrom, is a fruitful place to start for addressing this challenge. Assessing the presence of, and potential for, polycentric governance within the EU means approaching established principles and practices from a new perspective. While the debate on these issues is rich, longstanding and interdisciplinary, it has proven difficult to sidestep the 'renationalisation/federalisation' dichotomy. The aim of this volume is not to reject the EU's institutional structure but provide a different benchmark for the assessment of its functioning. Polycentric theory highlights the importance of multilevel horizontal relationships within the EU - between states, but also between many sub-state actors, all the way down to individuals. This helps us answer the question: how do we achieve self-governance in an interdependent world?