Suchergebnisse

This data article provides a descriptive overview of the "EU Profiler/euandi trend file (2009–2019)" dataset and the data collection methods. The dataset compiles party position data from three consecutive pan-European Voting Advice Applications (VAAs), developed by the European University Institute for the European Parliament elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019. It includes the positions of 411 parties from 28 European countries on a wide range of salient political issues. Altogether, the dataset contains more than 20 000 unique party positions. To place the parties on the political issues, all three editions of the VAA have used the same iterative method that combines party self-placement and expert judgement. The data collection has been a collective effort of several hundreds of highly trained social scientists, involving experts from each EU member state. The political statements that the parties were placed on, were identical across all the countries and 15 of the statements remained the same throughout all three waves (2009, 2014, 2019) of data collection. Because of the unique methodology and the large volume of data, the dataset offers a significant contribution to the research on European party systems and on party positioning methodologies.

Der Beitrag skizziert die Hintergründe des programmatischen Wandels der Union und dessen Konsequenzen für die künftige Mehrheits- und Koalitionsfähigkeit der CDU im asymmetrischen changierenden Fünfparteiensystem im Bund und in den Ländern. Dazu zeichnet die Argumentation den Verlauf des Wahljahrs 2011 aus Sicht der Union kursorisch nach und ordnet die Befunde anschließend in eine längerfristige Perspektive ein. Es folgt ein Blick auf die Rolle der Union in der christlich-liberalen Bundesregierung im Jahr 2011. Abschließend werden die jüngsten programmatischen Wandlungsprozesse der Union unter wahl- und koalitionsstrategischen Gesichtspunkten analysiert. (ICE2)

Common AssemblyThe second ordinary session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) opened in Strasbourg on May II, 1954; Mr. de Gasperi (Italy) was unanimously elected president. Mr. Monnet, President of the ECSC High Authority, reported that the "first steps in the creation of Europe" had obtained for the member countries a renewal of credit, more favorable financial conditions, and a more productive use of their resources than they could have achieved separately. Before concluding the session on May 21, the Common Assembly adopted a resolution which dealt with the report of the High Authority, the report on administrative expenses of the Community for 1952–1953, and the provisional budget for 1954–1955. The resolution 1) approved the expressed intention of the High Authority to limit administrative expenses and its decision to draft a statute for officials of the Community; 2) stressed the open character of ECSC, expressed gratification at the development of its relations with the Council of Europe, called for speedy conclusion of the negotiations with the United Kingdom, and expressed a desire for relations with other European countries, especially Austria; 3) urged that greater attention be given to the question of cartels and maximum prices, which in some cases needed to be lowered; 4) invited the High Authority to pursue, in cooperation with governments, efforts to introduce standard international freight through-rates, and to harmonize conditions of transport; 5) congratulated the High Authority on its work to free the movement of manpower, and hoped for the development of comparable conditions of remuneration and of social security norms throughout the Community; 6) approved the allocation of a large part of the first investments financed by the Community to new construction of workers' housing; and 7) requested the High Authority to seek, through the Council of Ministers, adoption of a coordinated policy of economic expansion and development of outlets, with the objective of a reduction in the cost price of coal and steel.

The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the legal and economic implications of the framework for passenger rights under Regulation 261/2004 in light of the recent decision of the Court of Justice in International Air Transport Association v The Department of Transport . This article will examine in detail the Regulation,outlining the major provisions contained within, the legal challenge brought by the International Air Transport Association ("IATA") and the European Low Fares Association ("ELFA") and the impactit will have on passenger rights in the European Union. Furthermore, the article will conclude by examining how national enforcement bodies will attempt to implement the provisions of the Regulation and the likely difficulties that may be encountered where "extraordinary circumstances" arise.

Abstract Background The Europe Against Cancer programme was initiated in the late 1980s, recognising, among other risk factors, the problematic relationship between tobacco use and cancer. In an attempt to reduce the number of smokers in the European Community, the European Commission proposed a ban on tobacco advertising. The question of why it took over ten years of negotiating before the EU adopted a policy measure that could in fact improve the health situation in the Community, can only be answered by focusing on politics. Methods We used an actor-centred institutionalist approach, focusing on the strategic behaviour of the major actors involved. We concentrated our analysis on the legal basis as an important institution and evaluated how the absence of a proper legal basis for public health measures in the Treaties influenced policy-making, framing the discussion in market-making versus market-correcting policy interventions. For our analysis, we used primary and secondary sources, including policy documents, communications and press releases. We also conducted 9 semi-structured interviews. Results The ban on tobacco advertising was, in essence, a public health measure. The Commission used its agenda-setting power and framed the market-correcting proposal in market-making terms. The European Parliament and the Council of Ministers then used the discussion on the legal basis as a vehicle for real political controversies. After adoption of the ban on tobacco advertising, Germany appealed to the European Court of Justice, which annulled the ban but also offered suggestions for a possible solution with article 100a as the legal basis. Conclusion The whole market-making versus market-correcting discussion is related to a broader question, namely how far European health regulation can go in respect to the member states. In fact, the policy-making process of a tobacco advertising ban, as described in this paper, is related to the 'constitutional' foundation of health policy legislation in the Community. The absence of a clear-cut legal basis for health policies does not imply that the EU's impact on health is negligible. In the case of tobacco-control measures, the creative use of other Treaty bases has resulted in significant European action in the field of public health.

"As countries across Asia continue to rise and become more assertive global powers, the role that Higher Education has played, and continues to play in this process is an issue of growing pertinence. Furthermore, understanding the relationship between Europe and Asia fostered by historical and contemporary knowledge transfer, including Higher Education, is crucial to analysing and encouraging the progress of both regional integration and inter-regional cooperation.With a specific focus on international Higher Education, European Studies in Asia investigates knowledge transfer and channels of learning between Europe and Asia from historical, contemporary, and teaching perspectives. The book examines a selection of significant historical precedents of intellectual dialogue between the two regions, and in turn, explores contemporary cross-regional discourses both inside and outside of the official frameworks of the European Union (EU) and the Asia-Europe Meetings (ASEM). Drawing on extensive case-studies based on many of his own teaching experiences, Georg Wiessala addresses key questions, such as the nature and construction of the European Studies in Asia curriculum; aspects of 'values', co-constructed learning and adult pedagogy in the discipline of European Studies in Asia; the politics of Asian host cultures, the 'internationalization' of Asian Higher Education and the experiences and expectations of tertiary sector students of this subject in Asia, Australia and New Zealand. In doing so, the author articulates a range of outcomes for the further development of Higher Education co-operation agendas between Asia and Europe, in the discipline of European Studies, and in related fields such as International Relations. This case-study led book makes an original and novel contribution to our understanding of European Studies in Asia. As such, it will be of great interest to students and scholars of Asian Education, Comparative Education, European Studies and International Relations. "--

This paper seeks to explore the workability of the idea of interactive adjudication in the field of European primary law. It sets out some of the problems of so-called negative integration through ECJ jurisprudence on the fundamental economic freedoms, and argues that co-operation between the different levels of governance in the EC is required to provide the regulatory framework indispensable for transnational economic activity. Strengthening the European Union, it is submitted, will not necessarily mean 'more Brussels and Luxembourg'. To support this opinion, the De Agostini and TV-Shop case is examined in this light.