Suchergebnisse

Research problem. One of the ways to ensure public order is to impose sanctions for breach of law. Administrative sanctions as a remedy of administrative liability have a special place among the remedies of legal constraint. There is a need of effective and quick reaction to tackle great number of administrative offences and to ensure adequate prevention of administrative offences as well as criminal acts. Although the state responds to offence by implementing the jurisdictional function, which in a state governed under democratic principles is carried out by the court (one of the three constituent elements of governance), social reality testifies that the role of executive institutions in resolving the issues of legal liability for offence is increasing. Under currently effective provisions of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania authorization to impose sanctions for administrative offence is granted to a few tens of public administration institutions. Does such a situation correspond to the principle of separation of powers and what is the basis of such legal regulation? In fact, Lithuanian, and not only, science of Administrative Law often raises the problem of administrative offence as well as the problem of legitimacy of administrative sanctions which is closely related with the justice implementation function of administrative institutions. Actually, the administrative institution while imposing sanctions for administrative offence becomes a quasi-court involved in jurisdictional activities. This problem roots from the inconsistence of modern public administration system with Article 109 of the Republic of Lithuania Constitution, which reads that justice shall be executed solely by court. Execution of justice means determination of the case circumstances, finding a person guilty and imposing a fair instrument of action. According to the Constitution the right to find a person guilty and to impose a fair instrument of action is vested to the court and the judge. Meanwhile, up to now the executive institutions are empowered to implement these functions of justice. Therefore, public administration institutions, in addition to administration, implement the function of justice and therefore contradict the principle of separation of powers. This idea, expressed by many authors, has been still ignored by legislators not only in Lithuania, but in foreign states as well. Conversely, a tendency to make a social impact by implementing administrative sanctions imposed in a simpler and prompter manner is observed much more frequently and in wider areas of public life. On the other hand, the affer to leave the examination of all cases of administrative offence to courts would be difficult to implement and perhaps unnecessary. Finally, we may see that neither the constitutional jurisprudence nor the European Court of Human Rights requires for that. Nevertheless, the statutory regime necessary for the implementation of administrative sanctions has to be identified and defined. Meanwhile, authoritative entities of judiciary law, basing themselves on the similarities in the nature of administrative and criminal sanctions, categorically maintain that the principles of criminal justice should be applied to administrative justice. Such a requirement is paradoxical though. Presumably, if a person charged with administrative offence is given the same guarantees as a criminal offender and legal proceedings are of the same type as criminal proceedings, the administrative liability as independent type of legal liability and institution of administrative law would lose its identity. Therefore there is a search for compromise in many different legal systems, which shows that principles of criminal jurisdiction, when transferred into the area of administrative sanctions, become inverted from the point of view of subject matter. Considering all this problematic aspects of implementing lawfulness (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), non-retroactivity of law (lex retro non agit) and prohibition to institute a legal action twice for the same cause (non bis in idem) in judicial activities of quasi judiciary institutions shall be resolved . The issue of guilt as a subjective element of administrative punishment remains of great importance. Topicality of the dissertation research. Administrative Code, being the key act of law aimed at regulating legal relationship of administrative liability, was adopted during the soviet times. Obviously, significant changes have taken place in political, social and economic life and these changes are reflected in modified legal regulation. After the protection of human rights became the main objective of the state and the guiding values cardinally shifted from the primacy of state over the citizen towards the primacy of citizen over the state, the legal regulation of administrative liability had to be changed. Attempts to adopt a new law complying with the spirit of democratic states still remain fruitless. We may assume that the legislator has not decided yet which model of administrative liability regulations should be the most acceptable. Such assumption is confirmed by unsuccessful attempts criticized by many authors to automatically translate general provisions of criminal liability to the Administrative Code draft now being worked on. Thus, when legislation problems in the area of administrative liability are being solved the issue of the body executing the liability has remained the most acute. Discussions often reveal an opinion that implementation of sanctions by administrative institutions should be more an exception than a rule while cases of administrative offence should be settled in courts. Unfortunately, this idea is confirmed neither by Lithuanian nor foreign practice; on the contrary, opinions supporting the development and expansion of administrative jurisdiction prevail. In that case the problem of legitimacy of exercising jurisdiction by administrative institutions from the point of view of separation of powers laid down in the Constitution remains unsolved and thus retains its topicality. Finally, the scope of the principles of administrative liability in Lithuania is still unclear and undefined thus leading to incompliance of statutory regulation with legal practice. Dissertation research object. This doctoral thesis focuses on social relationship created in the light of administrative sanctions imposed by quasi-judicial institutions and statutory regulation of such relationship. Dissertation research goal is to analyze in a systematic manner and evaluate the legal basis of jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institutions in different countries, the principles applied in jurisdictional activities of these institutions and to propose guidelines for improving the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The following objectives were set to this end: 1. Introduce the notion of jurisdictional activity and reveal its relationship with administrative jurisdiction. 2. Disclose the notion of administrative sanction and examine the administrative sanction doctrines in different states pointing out the fundamental features of administrative sanction. 3. Analyze the models of quasi-judicial institutions implementing administrative sanctions and assess their jurisdictional activity from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. 4. Evaluate statutory regulation of administrative jurisdiction and problems of executing it in Lithuania in 1918-1990. 5. Reveal the basic principles and the scope of jurisdictional activity of quasi-judicial institutions. Scientific novelty and practicality of dissertation research. This thesis is an attempt to have a deeper insight to the problems of statutory regulation and execution of administrative liability. Although sufficient attention is paid to this issue in the science of Lithuanian Law witnessed by scholar discussions on one or another aspect of the problem, the present thesis is the first attempt to give a doctrinal and systematic review of quasi-judicial institutions in exercising the powers of administrative sanctioning and the basis of jurisdictional activity. The thesis analyses in great detail doctrines of administrative sanctions of different democratic states (e.g. France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy etc.) and attempts to determine and distinguish essential features of administrative sanctions with the aim to develop guidelines for modelling the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The research work is not limited to a mere analysis of legal norms but gives an assessment of legal regulation exercised through jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institution from the point of view of constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, thus enabling to determine the dysfunctions of legal regulation and potential solutions. The novelty of the thesis lies in the attempt to define the basic principles of quasi-judicial institutions' jurisdictional activity by revealing their scope and problems of implementation. As Lithuanian legislators are currently working on the drafts of Administrative Code and legislative act aimed at regulating the administrative proceedings, this research thesis revealing the problems of administrative liability legal regulation and guidelines for potential improvement also has a practical value. Assertions defended in the dissertation. Administrative sanctions implemented by quasi-judicial institutions represent the institute performing a potentially effective role of social regulator and jurisdictional activity carried out by those institutions is acceptable for the legal system of a democratic state from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. Activities of quasi-judicial institutions executing jurisdictional authorizations are subject to the principles of criminal jurisdiction, however with certain exclusions that w

Research problem. One of the ways to ensure public order is to impose sanctions for breach of law. Administrative sanctions as a remedy of administrative liability have a special place among the remedies of legal constraint. There is a need of effective and quick reaction to tackle great number of administrative offences and to ensure adequate prevention of administrative offences as well as criminal acts. Although the state responds to offence by implementing the jurisdictional function, which in a state governed under democratic principles is carried out by the court (one of the three constituent elements of governance), social reality testifies that the role of executive institutions in resolving the issues of legal liability for offence is increasing. Under currently effective provisions of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania authorization to impose sanctions for administrative offence is granted to a few tens of public administration institutions. Does such a situation correspond to the principle of separation of powers and what is the basis of such legal regulation? In fact, Lithuanian, and not only, science of Administrative Law often raises the problem of administrative offence as well as the problem of legitimacy of administrative sanctions which is closely related with the justice implementation function of administrative institutions. Actually, the administrative institution while imposing sanctions for administrative offence becomes a quasi-court involved in jurisdictional activities. This problem roots from the inconsistence of modern public administration system with Article 109 of the Republic of Lithuania Constitution, which reads that justice shall be executed solely by court. Execution of justice means determination of the case circumstances, finding a person guilty and imposing a fair instrument of action. According to the Constitution the right to find a person guilty and to impose a fair instrument of action is vested to the court and the judge. Meanwhile, up to now the executive institutions are empowered to implement these functions of justice. Therefore, public administration institutions, in addition to administration, implement the function of justice and therefore contradict the principle of separation of powers. This idea, expressed by many authors, has been still ignored by legislators not only in Lithuania, but in foreign states as well. Conversely, a tendency to make a social impact by implementing administrative sanctions imposed in a simpler and prompter manner is observed much more frequently and in wider areas of public life. On the other hand, the affer to leave the examination of all cases of administrative offence to courts would be difficult to implement and perhaps unnecessary. Finally, we may see that neither the constitutional jurisprudence nor the European Court of Human Rights requires for that. Nevertheless, the statutory regime necessary for the implementation of administrative sanctions has to be identified and defined. Meanwhile, authoritative entities of judiciary law, basing themselves on the similarities in the nature of administrative and criminal sanctions, categorically maintain that the principles of criminal justice should be applied to administrative justice. Such a requirement is paradoxical though. Presumably, if a person charged with administrative offence is given the same guarantees as a criminal offender and legal proceedings are of the same type as criminal proceedings, the administrative liability as independent type of legal liability and institution of administrative law would lose its identity. Therefore there is a search for compromise in many different legal systems, which shows that principles of criminal jurisdiction, when transferred into the area of administrative sanctions, become inverted from the point of view of subject matter. Considering all this problematic aspects of implementing lawfulness (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), non-retroactivity of law (lex retro non agit) and prohibition to institute a legal action twice for the same cause (non bis in idem) in judicial activities of quasi judiciary institutions shall be resolved . The issue of guilt as a subjective element of administrative punishment remains of great importance. Topicality of the dissertation research. Administrative Code, being the key act of law aimed at regulating legal relationship of administrative liability, was adopted during the soviet times. Obviously, significant changes have taken place in political, social and economic life and these changes are reflected in modified legal regulation. After the protection of human rights became the main objective of the state and the guiding values cardinally shifted from the primacy of state over the citizen towards the primacy of citizen over the state, the legal regulation of administrative liability had to be changed. Attempts to adopt a new law complying with the spirit of democratic states still remain fruitless. We may assume that the legislator has not decided yet which model of administrative liability regulations should be the most acceptable. Such assumption is confirmed by unsuccessful attempts criticized by many authors to automatically translate general provisions of criminal liability to the Administrative Code draft now being worked on. Thus, when legislation problems in the area of administrative liability are being solved the issue of the body executing the liability has remained the most acute. Discussions often reveal an opinion that implementation of sanctions by administrative institutions should be more an exception than a rule while cases of administrative offence should be settled in courts. Unfortunately, this idea is confirmed neither by Lithuanian nor foreign practice; on the contrary, opinions supporting the development and expansion of administrative jurisdiction prevail. In that case the problem of legitimacy of exercising jurisdiction by administrative institutions from the point of view of separation of powers laid down in the Constitution remains unsolved and thus retains its topicality. Finally, the scope of the principles of administrative liability in Lithuania is still unclear and undefined thus leading to incompliance of statutory regulation with legal practice. Dissertation research object. This doctoral thesis focuses on social relationship created in the light of administrative sanctions imposed by quasi-judicial institutions and statutory regulation of such relationship. Dissertation research goal is to analyze in a systematic manner and evaluate the legal basis of jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institutions in different countries, the principles applied in jurisdictional activities of these institutions and to propose guidelines for improving the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The following objectives were set to this end: 1. Introduce the notion of jurisdictional activity and reveal its relationship with administrative jurisdiction. 2. Disclose the notion of administrative sanction and examine the administrative sanction doctrines in different states pointing out the fundamental features of administrative sanction. 3. Analyze the models of quasi-judicial institutions implementing administrative sanctions and assess their jurisdictional activity from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. 4. Evaluate statutory regulation of administrative jurisdiction and problems of executing it in Lithuania in 1918-1990. 5. Reveal the basic principles and the scope of jurisdictional activity of quasi-judicial institutions. Scientific novelty and practicality of dissertation research. This thesis is an attempt to have a deeper insight to the problems of statutory regulation and execution of administrative liability. Although sufficient attention is paid to this issue in the science of Lithuanian Law witnessed by scholar discussions on one or another aspect of the problem, the present thesis is the first attempt to give a doctrinal and systematic review of quasi-judicial institutions in exercising the powers of administrative sanctioning and the basis of jurisdictional activity. The thesis analyses in great detail doctrines of administrative sanctions of different democratic states (e.g. France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy etc.) and attempts to determine and distinguish essential features of administrative sanctions with the aim to develop guidelines for modelling the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The research work is not limited to a mere analysis of legal norms but gives an assessment of legal regulation exercised through jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institution from the point of view of constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, thus enabling to determine the dysfunctions of legal regulation and potential solutions. The novelty of the thesis lies in the attempt to define the basic principles of quasi-judicial institutions' jurisdictional activity by revealing their scope and problems of implementation. As Lithuanian legislators are currently working on the drafts of Administrative Code and legislative act aimed at regulating the administrative proceedings, this research thesis revealing the problems of administrative liability legal regulation and guidelines for potential improvement also has a practical value. Assertions defended in the dissertation. Administrative sanctions implemented by quasi-judicial institutions represent the institute performing a potentially effective role of social regulator and jurisdictional activity carried out by those institutions is acceptable for the legal system of a democratic state from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. Activities of quasi-judicial institutions executing jurisdictional authorizations are subject to the principles of criminal jurisdiction, however with certain exclusions that w

The sorption of volatile organic compounds which are components of the wine flavor has been studied on thin films of sorbents - modifiers of piezoelectric resonators electrodes forming an sensors array of gas analyzer "electronic nose". The resulting sensor array is trained on the main marker substance (ethanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, pentanol-2, ethanoic acid, ethyl acetate, water) and adapted to the flavor of wine. It has been established the correlation between sugar content in wine and integral quantitative indicator quartz crystal microbalance - area of "visual imprint" of the sensors array responses, reflecting the content of volatile substances in the equilibrium gas phase of wine. The parameters of the speed and efficiency of sorption of volatile compounds have been calculated which are indicators of analytical information about the condition of wine samples. The model that describes the connection of empirical physicochemical characteristics and parameters of the piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance with the properties of the analyzed wine samples is developed by principal component analysis. The possibility of expert evaluation of quality, individual physicochemical parameters (content of sugar, alcohol), belonging assortment of wines as the results of detection of the individual compounds in the equilibrium gas phase over samples by array of 7 piezosensors with different films. The way of express evaluation of wine quality on standard indicators and aroma has been developed, which can be an alternative to preliminary examination in routine analysis of detecting falsification.Keywords: chemical piezosensors, detection of organic vapors (gases), wine quality, expert evaluation (Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.002 Т.А. Kuchmenko *, R.P. Lisickaja **, А.А. Shuba * *Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Voronezh state university of engineering technology» (VSUET), Voronezh, Russian Federation**Federal State Official Military Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Military Educational – Research Center of Air Force «Air Force Academy named after professor N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin» of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (MERC AF «AFA»), Voronezh, Russian Federation REFERENCES1. Vino i alkogol'nye napitki. Direktivy i Reglamenty Evropeiskogo soiuza [Wine and alcoholic beverages. Directives and Regulations of the European Union]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2000. 616 p. (in Russian).2. Eliseev M. N., Pozdniakovskii V. M. Tovarovedenie i ekspertiza vkusovykh tovarov [Commodity and examination of flavoring products]. Moscow, Akademiia Publ., 2006. 239 p. (in Russian).3. Iakuba Iu.F. [Improving the analytical control of wine production]. Analitika i kontrol' [Analytics and control], 2011, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 309-312 (in Russian).4. Therkashina Y. [Qality assessment of cognas]. [Proc. EHEDG «1st Hygienic Engineering and Design Conference for Food Factories»]. St. Petersburg, 2010, p. 103.5. GOST R 52813-2007. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Metody organolepticheskogo analiza [State Standard 52813-2007. Production of wine. Methods for sensory analysis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 13 p. (in Russian).6. Markosov V. A., Guguchkina T. I., Ageeva N. M., Ageeva Iu.F. Primenenie kapilliarnogo elektroforeza dlia analiza vinodel'cheskoi produktsii [Application of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of wine products]. Vinogradstvo i vinodelie [Viticulture and winemaking], 2007, no. 2, pp. 23-24 (in Russian).7. Kaunova A. A., Petrov V. I., Tsiupko T. G., Temerdashev Z. A., Perekotii V. V., Luk'ianov A. A. [Identification of Wine Provenance by ICP-AES Multielement Analysis]. Russian Iournal of Analytical Chemistry, 2013, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 831-836. doi:10.1134/S1061934813090050 (in Russian).8. I. A. Ragazzo-Sanchez, P. Chalier, D. Chevalier, C. Ghommidh [Electronic nose discrimination of aroma compounds in alcoholised solutions]. Sens. and Actuators. B, 2006, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 665-673. doi:10.1016/i.snb.2005.05.032.9. Kuchmenko T.A., Lisitskaia R.P., Skrypnikova M.I., Tkacheva E.B. Sorbtsiia legkoletuchikh kislorodsoderzhashchikh soedinenii tonkimi plenkami modifitsirovannykh p'ezokvartsevykh mikrovesov [Sorption of volatile oxygenated compounds by thin films modified piezoelectric quartz microbalance]. Materialy III Vserossiiskogo simpoziuma «Razdelenie i kontsentrirovanie v analiticheskoi khimii i radiokhimii» [Proc. of the III All-Russian Symposium "The separation and concentration in analytical chemistry and radiochemistry"]. Krasnodar, 2011, p. 258 (in Russian).10. Lang H.P., Ramseyer I. P., Grange W., Braun T., Schmid D., Hunziker P., Iung C., Hegner M., Gerber C. [An artificial nose based on microcantilever array sensors]. I. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2007, pp. 663-667. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/61/1/13311. Gutierrez M., Capdevila F., Vila-Planas I., Domingo C., Büttgenbach S., Llobera A., Puig-Puiol A., Iiménez-Iorquera C. [Hybrid electronic tongue based on optical and electrochemical microsensors for quality control of wine]. I. of Sensors, 2011, no. 11, pp. 4840-4857. doi:10.1155/2014/59831712. I. Blackman, D. N. Rutledge, D. Tesic, A. Saliba, G. R. Scollary [Examination of the potential for using chemical analysis as a surrogate for sensory analysis]. Anal. chim. Acta, 2010, vol. 660, no. 1, pp. 2-7. doi:10.1016/i.aca.2009.10.062.13. Kuchmenko T. A., Lisitskaia R. P., Bobrova O. S., Akst N. N. [Analysis of grape and grape-apple iuice using a gas analyzer "static pezoelektronny nose"] Analitika i kontrol' [Analytics and control], 2006, vol. 10, no. 3-4, pp. 267-275 (in Russian).14. Korenman Ia. I., Kuchmenko T. A., Lisitskaia R. P., Stegantseva Iu. A. [Application of pezosensors for analysis of orange iuice]. Sensor [Sensor], 2004, no. 1, pp. 46-53 (in Russian).15. Kuchmenko T.A. Innovatsionnye resheniia v analiticheskom kontrole [Innovative solutions in analytical control]. Voronezh, Voronezh. gos. tekhnol. akad., OOO «SenTekh» Publ., 2009. 252 p. (in Russian).16. Petsev N., Kotsev N. Spravochnik po gazovoi khromatografii [Handbook on Gas Chromatography]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1987. 264 p. (in Russian).17. Rodopulo A. [Aromaforming substances of grapes and grape iuice]. Vinogradstvo i vinodelie SSSR [Viticulture and winemaking USSR], 1987, no. 4, pp. 53-55 (in Russian).18. Kishkovskii Z. K., Skurikhin I. M. Khimiia vina [Chemistry of wine]. Moscow, Agropromizdat Publ., 1988. 250 p. (in Russian).19. Tekhnologicheskoe i fiziologicheskoe znachenie veshchestv aromata vina [Technological and physiological significance of wine aroma substances]. Available at: http://vinograd-vino.ru/sostav-vinograda-i-vina/194-tekhnologicheskoe-i-fiziologicheskoe-znachenie-fenolnykh-veshchestv.html (accessed 15 June 2014) (in Russian).20. Kuchmenko T.A., Lisitskaia R.P. [Microbalance aniline vapor on films alkyloxides under static conditions] Sensor [Sensor], 2002, no. 3, pp. 35-40 (in Russian).21. GOST 7208–93. Vina vinogradnye i vinomaterialy vinogradnye obrabotannye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 7208–93. Grape wines and grape wine materials processed. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2000. 8 p. (in Russian).22. Kuchmenko T. A., e.a. Sposob formirovaniia matritsy sensorov «staticheskogo elektronnogo nosa» dlia identifikatsii muskatnogo aromata vinograda, vinogradnogo syr'ia i soka [A method of forming a sensors matrix of "static electronic nose" to identify muscat aroma of grapes, grape iuice and raw materials]. Patent RF, no. 2442158, 2012 (in Russian).23. Korenman Ia. I. Ekstraktsiia fenolov [Phenols extraction]. Gor'kii, Volgo-Viatsk. Publ., 1973. 216 p. (in Russian). ; Изучена сорбция легколетучих органических соединений, составляющих аромат вина, на тонких пленках сорбентов – модификаторов электродов пьезокварцевых резонаторов, формирующих массив сенсоров анализатора газов «электронный нос». Полученный массив сенсоров обучен по основным веществам-маркерам (этанол, бутанол-1, бутанол-2, пентанол-2, этановая кислота, этилацетат, вода) и адаптирован к аромату виноградного вина. Установлена корреляция между содержанием сахара в вине и интегральным количественным показателем пьезокварцевого микровзвешивания – площадью «визуального отпечатка»откликов массива сенсоров, отражающим содержание легколетучих веществ в равновесной газовой фазе вина. Рассчитаны параметры скорости и эффективности сорбции легколетучих соединений – носители аналитической информации о состоянии проб вина. Методом главных компонент разработана модель, описывающая связь эмпирических физико-химических стандартных характеристик и параметров пьезокварцевого микровзвешивания со свойствами анализируемых образцов вина. Показана возможность экспертной оценки качества, отдельных физико-химических показателей (содержание сахара, алкоголя), ассортиментной принадлежности виноградных вин по результатам детектирования веществ-маркеров в равновесной газовой фазе над образцами массивом 7 разнохарактерных пьезосенсоров. Разработан способ экспрессной оценки качества вина по стандартным показателям и аромату, который может составить альтернативу предварительной экспертизе в рутинном анализе при выявлении фактов фальсификации.Ключевые слова: химические пьезосенсоры, детектирование органических паров (газов), качество вина, экспертная оценка DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.002 ЛИТЕРАТУРАВино и алкогольные напитки. Директивы и Регламенты Европейского союза. М.: ИПК Изд-во стандартов, 2000. 616 с.Елисеев М. Н., Поздняковский В. М. Товароведение и экспертиза вкусовых товаров. М.: Академия, 2006. 239 c.Якуба Ю.Ф. Совершенствование аналитического контроля винодельческой продукции // Аналитика и контроль. 2011. Т.15, № 3. С. 309-312. Therkashina Y. Qality assessment of cognas // EHEDG «1st Hygienic Engineering and Design Conference for Food Factories», СПб. 2010. С. 103. ГОСТ Р 52813-2007. Продукция винодельческая. Методы органолептического анализа. М.: Изд-во стандартов, 2008. 13 с.Применение капиллярного электрофореза для анализа винодельческой продукции / В.А. Маркосов и [др.] // Виноградство и виноделие. 2007. № 2. С. 23-24.Идентификация вин по региональной принадлежности на основе мультиэлементного анализа методом АЭС-ИСП /А.А. Каунова и [др.] // Ж. аналит. химии. 2013. Т. 68, № 9. С. 831-836.Electronic nose discrimination of aroma compounds in alcoholised solutions/ J.A. Ragazzo-Sanchez [et al.] // Sens. and Actuators. B. 2006. № 2. Р. 665-673.Сорбция легколетучих кислородсодержащих соединений тонкими пленками модифицированных пьезокварцевых микровесов Т.А. Кучменко и [др.] // Материалы III Всероссийского симпозиума «Разделение и концентрирование в аналитической химии и радиохимии». Краснодар, 2011. С. 258.An artificial nose based on microcantilever array sensors / H.P. Lang [et al.] // J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2007. 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The paper features three short essays. The fi rst essay is dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of Doctor of Historical Sciences I. L. Izmailov. The second essay contains a critical review of the version proposed by Polish researcher V. Sventoslavsky concerning the actual use of "combat poison gases" by the Tatar-Mongols in the Battle of Legnica (1241). Based on the information provided by Polish historian of the 15th century Jan Dlugosz, the version has no substantial grounds. The third essay contains an overview of the not always positive experience of characterization by Ukrainian researcher, Doctor of Historical Sciences Ya.V Pilipchuk (Kiev)of a complex of weapons of the ancestors of the medieval Ingush. A simple list of the known categories of weapons of the Ingush ancestors does not ensure a clear understanding of the process and dynamics of their military development, simplifying the understanding of the complexity of its formation. Ya. V. Pilipchuk, avoiding the demonstration of the historiographical heritage of his predecessors, is also subject to unjustifi ed inaccuracies. For instance, they include claims about the use of "guns and cannons" by Emir Timur in Georgia. All this makes the publications considered by the researcher to be the works of questionable scientifi c quality. ; Предлагаемая статья состоит из трех небольших очерков. Первый очерк посвящен 60-летнему юбилею доктора исторических наук И.Л. Измайлова. Второй очерк содержит критический обзор версии польского исследователя В. Свентославского о реальности использования татаро-монголами в битве под Легницей (1241 г.) «боевых отравляющих газов». Построенная на сведениях польского историка ХV в. Яна Длугоша версия не имеет никаких серьезных оснований. Последний, третий очерк содержит обзор не всегда позитивного опыта характеристики украинским исследователем – доктором исторических наук Я.В. Пилипчуком (г. Киев) комплекса вооружения предков средневековых ингушей. Простой перечень известных категорий вооружения предков ингушей не дает ясного понимания процесса и динамики развития их военного дела, упрощая осознание всей сложности его формирования. Я.В. Пилипчук, уходя от демонстрации историографического наследия своих предшественников, допускает и неоправданные неточности. Среди них есть утверждения об использовании, например, эмиром Тимуром в Грузии «ружей и пушек». Все это превращает рассматриваемые им публикации в работы сомнительного научного качества. Библиографические ссылки Археология Евразийских степей. 2017. № 5. 355 с. Басов В.И., Нарожный Е.И., Тихонов М.П. О двух типах наконечников копий с территории Северного Кавказа // МИАСК. Вып. 2 / Отв. ред. Е.И. Нарожный. Армавир: РИЦ АГПИ, 2003. С. 105−111. Воронин Н.Н. Крепостные сооружения // История культуры Древней Руси. Домонгольский период. Т. I: Материальная культура / Под ред. Н.Н. Воронина, М.К. Каргера и М.М. Тихановой. 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