Suchergebnisse

The topicality of this issue is related to the fact that the EU is founded on a set of values, including equality. Nowadays the attitude towards women in the society is significantly different from that of men. Unfortunately, inequality does not decline over time. The basic idea of gender equality is to provide both women and men with the same rights, opportunities and conditions for full-fledged development. The article is devoted to the dimensions of the principle of gender equality in the European Union, which is important for Ukraine due to the conditions of European integration. The dimensions of gender equality cover the political, economic, civil, social and cultural spheres of our live activity, including achieving gender equality in employment, equal pay for equal work, gender balance in decision making, harmonization of professional and family life, education and «gender mainstreaming».

That is why research and analysis of gender equality's dimensions in the EU and defining the legal aspects of their regulation are relevant to the legal system of Ukraine. Over the past few decades, the EU has notably worked for equal treatment legislation, gender mainstreaming and specific measures for the advancement of women. Moreover, the EU has defined the following dimensions of gender equality: equal economic independence for women and men; equal pay for work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and ending gender-based violence; and promoting gender equality beyond the EU.

The dimension of gender equality is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and the inequality is not perpetuated. Although the EU has achieved positive results in protecting human rights, the work is still continuing in this direction. The idea of gender equality is an integral part of equality as a general principle, development and peace in the world. Without this principle, it is impossible to establish

the basis for democracy, freedom, justice and tolerance. Recently, the principle of gender equality is getting paramount importance for Ukraine, as one of the conditions for successful European integration.

The study's purpose is to critically analyse approaches to international communi- cation in the global environment and clarify the specifics of processes that char- acterize the asymmetry of foreign-policy communication because the contem- porary communication tools allow forming both a positive perception of foreign policy initiatives and a negative attitude of politicians or the world community toward foreign-policy actions. As a result, the research focuses on studying the transformation of the EU foreign-policy communication tools; analysing the practice of foreign-policy communications of Germany and Ukraine; detecting the impact of destructive communications on the image of the EU, Germany, and Ukraine in the international information space. The main conclusions of the research are such statements: the aggravation of Ukrainian-Russian relations has demonstrated an imbalance in the existing for- eign-policy orientations; the EU leaders rethought the political impact of supra- national formation on the contemporary system of international relations; Germany's practice in foreign-policy communication concerns the preservation of the position as a world leader that is able to influence the solution of complex international political and security issues.

Global informatization, manifestations of which are characteristic for the past decades, became the basis of the formation of the new model of the economy – digital economy, which became the development strategy of the most developed countries of the world. In Ukraine there is not any consistent tactic of building up a national digital economic business space as yet. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to substantiate theoretically the essence of digital economy and its conceptual reflection in the economic policy of the EU, as well to analyze the status and specific features of the Ukrainian economic system in terms of integration into international digital environment. The research methods are system analysis. Based on a number of scientific sources, it was revealed that the conceptual basis for the development of the digital economy in Europe consists of 5 metrics of the program of digital entrepreneurship: a) digital knowledge and ICT market, b) digital business environment, c) access to finance for businesses, d) digital skills of the labor force and electronic leadership, e) creating supporting entrepreneurial culture. In the course of the study we defined the centres of growth of digital technologies and communication in Ukraine, which can become the basis for further positive changes, at the same time we identified the main obstacles, as well as the lagging industries, because of whose performance the world ratings of Ukraine go down. A conclusion was made about the need to build an efficient national strategy for the development of the digital economy taking into account both positive and negative aspects of the experience of the EU countries. The scientific novelty of the work is in identifying features of the development of information and telecommunication technologies in Ukraine, which are in the uneven "informatization", depending on the industries and sectors of the economy, in the lack of digital strategy of the state, in the inconsistency in regulatory policy and distrust of the population in modern financial instruments. The findings made as the results of the research can be used for differentiation of users of digital information and the development of strategy of their engagement in certain segments. In the future, it is advisable to examine the European experience about the inclusion of objectives concerning the development of the digital economy in the global plan of reformation of the state.

The article examines the current state of the Association Agreement implementation in terms of national legislation on climate change and the protection of the ozone layer compliance with the requirements of the EU legal acts listed in Annex XXX to Chapter 6 "Environment" of that Agreement. Under the Association Agreement, such harmonization entails the need to bring national legislation into line with Directive № 2003/87/EC establishing a Community greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme by September 1, 2019 and amending Directive № 96/61/EC ~ 18 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 as amended by Directive № 2004/101/EC; Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Regulation (EU) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as amended and the amendments made by the Regulation (EU) №№ 2038/2000, (EU) 2039/2000, (EU) 1804/2003, (EU) 2077/2004, (EU) 29/2006, (EU) 1366/2006, (EU) 1784/2006, (EC) 1791/2006 and (EC) 2007/899, and Decisions №№ 2003/160 /EC, 2004/232/EC and 2007/54 /EC. The analysis of the national legislation shows that Ukraine as a whole fulfilled its obligations to adapt national legislation to the EU legislation in terms of setting up a monitoring system, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. The Law of Ukraine "On the Basics of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" was adopted on 12 December 2019. The law comes into force on 1 January 2021. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt by-laws to ensure the effectiveness of the provisions of the aforementioned Law, since as of 1 April 2020 no legislative act has been adopted in its development. Ukraine has also fully fulfilled its obligations to implement the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Law of Ukraine "On Regulation of Economic Activity with Ozone-Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases" was adopted on 12 December 1 2019. The law comes into force on 27 June 2020. The article proves that the legal acts, necessary to introduce internal greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme and other market and non-market greenhouse gas emission reduction instruments of these gases in accordance with Ukraine's obligations under the Association Agreement have not yet been adopted. Also there is the necessity to make amendments to the Regulation on the Interagency Commission on Implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree № 583 of April 14, 1999, to extend its tasks in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement. Keywords: the Association Agreement; climate and ozone protection; fluorinated greenhouse gases; monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions; ozone-depleting substances; reporting of greenhouse gas emissions; verification of greenhouse gas emissions.

The article addresses the issue on the determination of ways to improve the legal regulation for contractual relations of purchasing private property for public needs, based on the European experience in regulating expropriation. To achieve it, general and special methods of scientific knowledge have been used, including system-structural, structural-logical, comparative-legal, deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, etc. The necessity of appreciation of the European experience of legal regulation of expropriation to optimize Ukrainian legislation in this area is emphasized. The article establishes the issue concerning the sameness of two legal tools, namely the contract of purchase of private property for public needs under Ukrainian law, as a general idea, which is now implemented through civil law agreements, and the expropriation agreement in several European states (Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). The advisability of expropriation agreement implementation into legislation and legal practice is substantiated; in this regard, expropriation agreement is considered as the special contract destined exclusively for regulation of purchase of private property for public needs. The author also suggests applying European approch to entitling the contract of purchasing of private property for public needs and identifying its terms; Expropriation Contract as a title is proposed. The article highlights the advantages of Expropriation Contract as a title. The amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the alienation of land and other real estate located on them, which are in private ownership, for public needs or for reasons of public necessity" according to European experience and author's examination are proposed. The author also recommends to change the name of the purchasing procedure to the procedure for voluntary expropriation (or voluntary alienation of private property for public needs).

The article considers the comparative and legal grounds for the definition of the category "marriage" in family law of Ukraine, interpretation of the concept of "marriage-like unions" in legislation, judicial decisions and legal doctrine of EU states. The author defines the characteristics and peculiarities of these concepts, outlines the approaches to the regulation of family relations in this field and formulates conclusions and proposals aimed at the harmonization of national legislation with EU law.

In the article, both general scientific and special legal methods of research have been used. In particular, comparative-legal, historical, formallogical and other methods have been applied. The article concludes that the example of some European states proves the existence of the advanced legislative approaches to the legal understanding of family unions.

In Ukraine the marriage is exclusively a family union of a female and a male registered with the state registration authority for civil status acts. In the laws of EU states different and much broader criteria for treating such unions can be applied. The presence of various legal forms of unions indicates that foreign law recognizes a family union between persons irrespective of their genders and recognizes such family union as a family. It is said that a characteristic feature for a family is a stable relationship. At the same time, harmonization of the Ukrainian legislation with the EU legislation in the field of marriage and family relations may take place on specific issues (for example, a registered partnership), but it is not advisable to adopt a foreign legal model, since in Ukraine there are distinctive factors for the formation of family relationships, such as traditions, religion, culture.

The institution of separation legislative provisions of those EU member states that have chosen a separation legal regulation model, according to which the direct dependence of divorce on separation is recognized. It means that the spouse who wishes to dissolve the marriage must be in a state of separation issued by competent authority decision for some time (formal separation).

Such EU member states as Denmark, Ireland, Italy have chosen the defined model for legal regulation of separation. Based on this study, the characteristic features of this model for legal regulation of separation are highlighted, namely:

the main purpose of the separation institute in the legislation of these states is to provide spouses with time to decide on the future for their marriage: either divorce or reconciliation;

a separate residence regime may be established by a decision of the competent authority (court, prosecutor, public administration) by mutual agreement or at the request of one of the spouses, despite the objections of the other;

the existence of a clear list of grounds in the legislation to establish separation on the application of one of the spouses;

the existence of any consequences of the individual residence regime is linked to the determination of the fault of one or both spouses in the establishment of a separate residence regime on one or another basis;

separation would result in the termination of the marital property regime, the termination of the marriage contract, except for the provisions re- lating to the separate residence regime, and the termination of the paternity presumption.

Although this model for legal regulation of separation is still relevant, the trend toward the simplification of legal regulation of divorce proceed- ings, has led to the complete rejection of separation as one of the prerequisites for divorce (in the event of mutual consent of the spouses to the termination of marriage) or reduction of spouse's stay in separation.

The situation in Ukraine concerns the international community since January 2014 and remains a central issue in legal and political science researches. The United Nations Security Council (UN) was not only unable to prevent the conflict but also to take any possible steps to resolve it. As a result, a number of regional European organizations have been involved in the crisis in eastern Ukraine. The article discusses the mechanisms of activity of key European structures and organizations which aim at preventing, mitigating and resolving the conflict in Ukraine. The specifics of the methods used by each organization are determined, the success of their activities is evaluated, and the ways of increasing their effectiveness and involvement in resolving the Russian-Ukrainian conflict are suggested. The international response of the European community to the conflict in Crimea and eastern Ukraine has been investigated. The approaches, activities and efforts of the OSCE, the EU and the Council of Europe to address the conflict are reviewed. As the crisis in Ukraine deepened, the tasks of the OSCE Monitoring Mission included the following: facilitating access of international experts to the MH17 crash place, monitoring the implementation of Minsk agreements, facilitating the dialogue on local level to achieve a temporary ceasefire, participating in humanitarian sector coordination groups, ongoing supplying with the information regional, national and international media on the current state of conflict. Accordingly, the situation should not be confined solely to the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, as it poses a threat not only to the territorial integrity of Ukraine but also to security in Europe, so the activities of international organizations should be assessed comprehensively with a focus on the need for international law to be respected by all parties concerned.

At the present stage of globalization, extremely important is the problem of attracting foreign investments. In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, competition intensifies due to the growing demand of national economies in investment resources, and the issue is more acute of forming efficient mechanism for attracting foreign investments. Despite numerous studies of famous scientists, the problem of motivation of investment activity is still not fully explored. Not enough studied but worth attention is the issue of assessment of the risk caused by specific motivation of foreign investors for the national economy, and the development of recommendations for improving the management of investment activity in order to avoid or reduce possible negative effect of foreign investments. The purpose of writing this article is the assessment of risk caused by specific motivations of foreign investors for the state, and the development of recommendations for their avoidance or reduction by the analysis and systematization of the main motivations of foreign investors and the forms of realization of investment projects. The article analyzes the main motives and demotivators in the implementation of foreign investments while they are organized by main classification features. In the result of the analysis of existing approaches to the classification of forms and valid legislation, the author singled out and grouped the main forms of realization of investment projects. Based on the analysis of the classifications of the motivations and forms of realization of investment projects, we assessed the risks for the state, caused by specific motivations of foreign investors, and formed recommendations on their avoidance or reduction. The scientific novelty of the work consists in establishing interrelation between specific motives of foreign investors and the forms of implementation of their investment projects. Not a less important element of scientific novelty is a risk assessment for the state of the inflow of foreign capital caused by specific motivations of investors. Practical results of the work consist in forming recommendations on improving management of investment activities, taking into account of which will help to avoid or reduce possible negative consequences of the influx of foreign capital. A promising direction for further research into the topic of this work can be considered the improvement in the mechanism of management of investment activities at the state and regional levels.

Modern dynamics of socio-economic development emphasized issues to improve efficiency of state innovation policy, its adequacy to contemporary priorities and problems in the country's development. An appropriate and relevant question is the systematization of knowledge obtained in the study of theoretical foundations of the state innovation policy, and effectiveness of its implementation depending on the methods of realization. The aim of present work is the development of theoretical and methodological fundamentals of state innovation policy. To solve the set tasks, we applied such general scientific and special research methods as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematic approach. Author examined the types of state innovation policy, factors that influence its formation, components of development and implementation of the state innovation policy. It is highlighted that the implementation of the state innovation policy is coordinated with the strategy of innovative development; strategic directions of innovation development of the national economy are demonstrated. Special attention was paid by Author to stages in the formation of state innovation policy in industrialized countries with the methods characterized for the realization of state innovation policy. Based on the obtained results of scientific research, main directions were proposed of innovation policy for Ukraine under present conditions. A conclusion was drawn on that the state innovation policy is a set of interrelated and interdependent forms, mechanisms, instruments, technologies of influence of the state on the formation, development and realization of scientific-technical, technological and innovation potential of the country, based on the promising world trends in scientific and technological development. The implementation of the state innovation policy is coordinated with the strategy of innovation development whose main function is to define main long-term directions of scientific development, to implement innovations, to provide resources to achieve the set objectives. The state, when implementing innovation policy, above all in the R&D sector, applies two basic types of methods: administrative and program-targeted. In the course of development of program-targeted methods, there were formed several variants of their implementation: a system of subsidies, institutional programs and cooperative implementation programs. The scientific novelty of present research is in determining the methodology of the state innovation policy, which covers an integrated system of methods, ways, and means of its implementation, taking into consideration the priorities in modern development of leading industrial countries. A practical value of the research is in applying the features of theoretical and methodological foundations of the state innovation policy for the selection of such areas and methods of implementation of the innovation policy that are most acceptable for Ukraine under current economic conditions.

The article deals with Vasyl Gorlenko, one of the most prominent Ukrainian culturologists of the late nineteenth century – beginning of the XX century. Whose name on the one hand did not belong to the forgotten names: it is fixed in all professional encyclopedias, many articles have been written about it, it is mentioned in the memoirs of contemporaries, there are even three monographs, on the other hand all this is very small, going out from what was done by Vasily Petrovich. There are a lot of problems raised in the writings of V. Gorlenko. There are some that are extremely important. It was established that studying at the famous Sorbonne, he passed the beautiful school of the French theoretician of literature and art critic Ivan T., French classical literature and art, thus receiving a high level of education, education of the best spiritual traits of behavior, possessed at least 5 foreign languages. It was discovered that when V.Gorlenko returned to his homeland, he first met in St. Petersburg with many prominent figures who came from his native land. One of these places of acquaintances is "Tuesdays" by M. Kostomarov. It was on them that V. Gorlenko was a true school of Ukrainian studies. And when Ukraine appeared periodicals that were in line with its patriotic interests, V. Gorlenko began to work with them. In the newspaper Trud, after twenty years of actual silence about T. Shevchenko, the first in Ukraine is a fragment of Russian tales of Taras Shevchenko "A walk with pleasure and not without morality" and the story "The Musician" with some reproach to everyone else who hadn't done it already. It was found out that the Ukrainian elite rallied around the magazine "Kievan old woman" (1882-1906): V. Antonovich, D. Bagaliy, M. Belyashivsky, P. Golubovsky, V. Domanytsky, P. Efimenko, P. Zhitetsky, O. Lazarevsky, O. Levitsky, M. Sumtsov, V. Tarnovsky and many others. Here were M. Drahomanov, M. Kostomarov, V. Vynnychenko, Panas Mirnyi, I. Franko, M. Staritsky and dozens of other Ukrainian scholars and writers. Among them Vasyl Horlenko. Currently, 114-th of his publications, contained in this publication, are known. Articles, reviews, reviews of publications, information, folk records - each of these publications is an example of scientific conscientiousness and responsibility of the author. It was here that his multifaceted talent of journalist, literary critic and historian, ethnographer and folklorist, art historian, expert in Ukrainian antiquity was revealed. Quite often, V.n Gorlenko was the first, who write about the works of P. Mirny, I. Franko, I. Karpenko-Karyi, M. Kropivnitsky, I. Manzhuro and many others. Invaluable source in the study of both the personality of V. Gorlenko and his environment is his correspondence. Currently, there are about 40 recipients and more than 700 letters to him and partly to him. He corresponded with many Ukrainian and foreign writers, scholars, and cultural figures. He loved Ukraine most of all and was afraid of those revolutions that were devastated, death, spiritual impoverishment, barbarism; advocated the steadfast development of society, feeling as an integral part of its people, small and great Nature. Therefore, it remained for us a bright star of the unimpeded space of culture.

The processes associated with the development of international tourism in the Baltic states , which are essential for the growth of economic, social and cultural well-being of the region. The processes of the creation of regional tourism development strategies in Eastern Europe. Provided a comprehensive description of recreational resources. The influence of global processes of globalization on the development of international tourism growth dynamics flow of foreign tourists and the changing patterns of tourist flow to the region. We consider systems of tourism resources and their spatial distribution in the Baltic States , regional specialization in various fields of international tourism. Investigated stages of conceptual travel image and overall regional tourism brand of the Baltic States . Receive the competitiveness of the region as a whole, and singled out the factors that contribute to the development of the tourism market of the Baltic States