Suchergebnisse

The European Parliament have adopted three Directives in order to harmonize the in-tellectual property law of Member States: Directive on the legal protection of computer programs (91/250 / EEC), Directive on the legal protection of databases (96/9/EB), Directive on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights (2006/116 / EC). More precisely, to harmonize the application and interpretation of criterion of originality. The level of harmonization that these Direc-tives aimed for has not been achieved. The Court of Justice of the European Union has aimed to clarifie the criterion of originality. It has done so by providing preliminary ruling in these cases: In-fopaq, Bezpečnostní softwarová asociace, Premier League, Painer, Football Dataco, World Pro-gramming. The intent was to achieve level of harmonization Directives have failed to achieve. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether set level of harmonization has been reached and to identify the most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of said criterion. This thesis analyses and provides doctrinal and European Union definitions of the originality criterion. Thesis reveals level of harmonization of the originality criterion has not reached set goal in Lithuania. This has been concluded by analysing rulings of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. This work also identifies most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of the originality criterion by analysing rulings of English Courts. Rulings of England's courts were selected because of the stark difference of originality criterion interpretation between this Member State and European Union. This thesis aims to provide suggestions related to raising the level of har-monization in members states.

The European Parliament have adopted three Directives in order to harmonize the in-tellectual property law of Member States: Directive on the legal protection of computer programs (91/250 / EEC), Directive on the legal protection of databases (96/9/EB), Directive on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights (2006/116 / EC). More precisely, to harmonize the application and interpretation of criterion of originality. The level of harmonization that these Direc-tives aimed for has not been achieved. The Court of Justice of the European Union has aimed to clarifie the criterion of originality. It has done so by providing preliminary ruling in these cases: In-fopaq, Bezpečnostní softwarová asociace, Premier League, Painer, Football Dataco, World Pro-gramming. The intent was to achieve level of harmonization Directives have failed to achieve. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether set level of harmonization has been reached and to identify the most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of said criterion. This thesis analyses and provides doctrinal and European Union definitions of the originality criterion. Thesis reveals level of harmonization of the originality criterion has not reached set goal in Lithuania. This has been concluded by analysing rulings of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. This work also identifies most common problems associated with the application and interpretation of the originality criterion by analysing rulings of English Courts. Rulings of England's courts were selected because of the stark difference of originality criterion interpretation between this Member State and European Union. This thesis aims to provide suggestions related to raising the level of har-monization in members states.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

Excise duty is a one-off indirect tax levied on specific goods produced for consumption. Having as an aim the creation of effective single market of the European Community with free movement of goods and market relations undistorted by the differences in the taxation systems between the member states, it is necessary to harmonize the excise duty in the Community. This has been achieved by regulating general rules of the use of the excise tax and by setting structure and rates of certain taxable objects. One of the reasons that promote the illegal market is related to great differences in the rates of certain taxable objects in member states. On the other hand, smuggling does not come to an end having approximated tax rates if economic conditions still are not of equal base. Due to its legal commitments under the burden of the European Union, Lithuania has implemented Community law given the permission to reach the minimum excise rates in transition periods. The regulation of the excise duty in the European Union is the indirect way to implement other objectives too: by setting the system of exemptions from excise taxation regarding bio-alternatives, the European Union seeks to limit the use of natural resources and to preserve the environment from substances causing climate change and pollution.

The Summary of Master Thesis "The Judicial Review of European Union Acts Under Art. 230 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community" The analysis is being focused on the specific features of the Art. 230 of the Treaty establishing the European Community with the main purpose of enlightening the dual nature of the said Article. The above mentioned specialty is disclosed on the one hand by exhibiting the vast possibilities in proving the illegal nature of the European acts and on the other hand by detecting the rather constricted locus standi of non – privileged persons. This thesis highlights the importance of the role of Court of Justice by interpreting the meaning of the Art. 230 though the Court's precedents, which are being claimed to be the main source divulging the purport of the said Article. The analysis reveals what kind of legal acts could be challenged under the Art. 230. However the main attention is directed to the grounds of illegality by revealing the rather liberal interpretation in respect of the whole Treaty's system. Later the thesis unfolds manifestly constricted nature of the Treaty's interpretation by disclosing the rules of the status of non – privileged persons. The thesis highlights the exigency of loosening the nature of interpretation arguing that it would be helpful in solving problems relating to the restrictive status of private persons and would make more obtainable the application of the Art. 230 of the Treaty establishing the European Community. It could be, at least temporally, the alternative way of amending the said Article however highly required in the modern European Union. The thesis is being finalized by revealing the remaining requirements for the admissibility of the action for annulment relating to the two months time limit given for challenging the illegality of the published or notified biding legal acts. So the final issue of the analysis uncloses the outcomes of the illegal acts.

The Summary of Master Thesis "The Judicial Review of European Union Acts Under Art. 230 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community" The analysis is being focused on the specific features of the Art. 230 of the Treaty establishing the European Community with the main purpose of enlightening the dual nature of the said Article. The above mentioned specialty is disclosed on the one hand by exhibiting the vast possibilities in proving the illegal nature of the European acts and on the other hand by detecting the rather constricted locus standi of non – privileged persons. This thesis highlights the importance of the role of Court of Justice by interpreting the meaning of the Art. 230 though the Court's precedents, which are being claimed to be the main source divulging the purport of the said Article. The analysis reveals what kind of legal acts could be challenged under the Art. 230. However the main attention is directed to the grounds of illegality by revealing the rather liberal interpretation in respect of the whole Treaty's system. Later the thesis unfolds manifestly constricted nature of the Treaty's interpretation by disclosing the rules of the status of non – privileged persons. The thesis highlights the exigency of loosening the nature of interpretation arguing that it would be helpful in solving problems relating to the restrictive status of private persons and would make more obtainable the application of the Art. 230 of the Treaty establishing the European Community. It could be, at least temporally, the alternative way of amending the said Article however highly required in the modern European Union. The thesis is being finalized by revealing the remaining requirements for the admissibility of the action for annulment relating to the two months time limit given for challenging the illegality of the published or notified biding legal acts. So the final issue of the analysis uncloses the outcomes of the illegal acts.

Food security situation in EU countries is evaluated with reference to theoretical and empirical material. Aim of the article – to evaluate food security possibilities in European Union. Object of the article – food security. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature, method of descriptive statistics analysis. In the article according to the collected theoretical and practical material, the food security indicators in Europe countries are analysed and food security situation in Western Europe, Baltic and Easten Europe counties is evaluated. The first part of this article considers the concept of food security. Food security concept involves these dimensions of food security: a) availability of food, b) access to food, c) food utilization, d) stability, and e) vulnerability. Research methodology is discussed in the second part of the article. Main food security indicators for comparison are chosen based on theoretical and analytical analysis. The third part of this article presents the evaluation of food security in Baltic and Easten European countries.

Food security situation in EU countries is evaluated with reference to theoretical and empirical material. Aim of the article – to evaluate food security possibilities in European Union. Object of the article – food security. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature, method of descriptive statistics analysis. In the article according to the collected theoretical and practical material, the food security indicators in Europe countries are analysed and food security situation in Western Europe, Baltic and Easten Europe counties is evaluated. The first part of this article considers the concept of food security. Food security concept involves these dimensions of food security: a) availability of food, b) access to food, c) food utilization, d) stability, and e) vulnerability. Research methodology is discussed in the second part of the article. Main food security indicators for comparison are chosen based on theoretical and analytical analysis. The third part of this article presents the evaluation of food security in Baltic and Easten European countries.

Food security situation in EU countries is evaluated with reference to theoretical and empirical material. Aim of the article – to evaluate food security possibilities in European Union. Object of the article – food security. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature, method of descriptive statistics analysis. In the article according to the collected theoretical and practical material, the food security indicators in Europe countries are analysed and food security situation in Western Europe, Baltic and Easten Europe counties is evaluated. The first part of this article considers the concept of food security. Food security concept involves these dimensions of food security: a) availability of food, b) access to food, c) food utilization, d) stability, and e) vulnerability. Research methodology is discussed in the second part of the article. Main food security indicators for comparison are chosen based on theoretical and analytical analysis. The third part of this article presents the evaluation of food security in Baltic and Easten European countries.

Food security situation in EU countries is evaluated with reference to theoretical and empirical material. Aim of the article – to evaluate food security possibilities in European Union. Object of the article – food security. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature, method of descriptive statistics analysis. In the article according to the collected theoretical and practical material, the food security indicators in Europe countries are analysed and food security situation in Western Europe, Baltic and Easten Europe counties is evaluated. The first part of this article considers the concept of food security. Food security concept involves these dimensions of food security: a) availability of food, b) access to food, c) food utilization, d) stability, and e) vulnerability. Research methodology is discussed in the second part of the article. Main food security indicators for comparison are chosen based on theoretical and analytical analysis. The third part of this article presents the evaluation of food security in Baltic and Easten European countries.

Food security situation in EU countries is evaluated with reference to theoretical and empirical material. Aim of the article – to evaluate food security possibilities in European Union. Object of the article – food security. Methods used: analysis of scientific literature, method of descriptive statistics analysis. In the article according to the collected theoretical and practical material, the food security indicators in Europe countries are analysed and food security situation in Western Europe, Baltic and Easten Europe counties is evaluated. The first part of this article considers the concept of food security. Food security concept involves these dimensions of food security: a) availability of food, b) access to food, c) food utilization, d) stability, and e) vulnerability. Research methodology is discussed in the second part of the article. Main food security indicators for comparison are chosen based on theoretical and analytical analysis. The third part of this article presents the evaluation of food security in Baltic and Easten European countries.

The emphasis in the Community's and Union's treaties and charter on workers' rights and on the need to create conditions that would facilitate freedom of movement of labour between member states explains why issues concerned with the employment and equalization of working conditions have always been high on the policy agenda. With the launch of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and Euro, the debate on European solutions shifted focus towards structural policies, which are the necessary complement to the macroeconomic policy mix under EMU. Employment is the key ingredient of this debate. Indeed employment cuts across all the challenges of enlargement, the new financial framework and the EU structural funds, the promotion of economic and social cohesion, and institution reform. Throughout the 1970's and 1980's employment was present in the minds of the leaders of the then EEC when the four freedoms of movement of goods, services, capital and labour were promoted in Single Market. The subsequent evolution of employment strategy can be divided into two periods, the watershed of which is marked by new Treaty of Amsterdam, signed in October 1997. Before Amsterdam, employment and labour market policy was the sovereign domain of the Member States. The treaty does not change the basic principle that Member States take primary responsibility for employment policy. But it does entrust the European institutions, the Council and the Commission with a much stronger role, new tasks and more forceful tools. It involves the European Parliament more closely with the decision making process. Also, the responsibilities of the social partners and their opportunities to contribute are enhanced through the inclusion of the Social Protocol into the Treaty. Leaders of many Member States have been at the forefront in coordinating and implementing the European employment strategy. ; Europos Sąjunga (ES) vykdydama užimtumo ir socialinę politiką, siekia užtikrinti aukštą gyvenimo kokybę, žmogaus orumą atitinkantį gyvenimo lygį, sudaryti galimybes gyventi aktyvioje, integruotoje ir sveikoje visuomenėje. Ši politika padeda gerinti didžiosios dalies ES piliečių, tarp jų ir bedarbių, pagyvenusių žmonių, neįgaliųjų, socialiai atskirtųjų, darbo rinkoje skriminuojamų žmonių gyvenimą. Tai atitinka vieną svarbiausių ES socialinės politikos principų – piliečių solidarumo principą, būtiną kuriant stabilią visuomenę bei skatinant nuolatinį klestėjimą, kuris yra Europoje veikiančio socialinio modelio atskaitos taškas. ES gyventojai nepaliekami rinkos jėgų valiai – jie turi galimybę naudotis viena stipriausių pasaulio socialinės paramos sistemų. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti ES vykdomą užimtumo, kaip socialinės gerovės garanto, politiką, išanalizuoti ją lemiančias ES sutartis, aptarti ES socialinės politikos transformacijas pereinant prie vidaus rinkos ir įsigaliojus ES pilietybei. Tyrimo metodai – dokumentų, mokslinės literatūros analizė.

The most important source of financial expenses which gives capital means for various purposes is taxes. The way of harmonyzing taxes became important after abolishment of borders control and abolishment of trade restriction and different duties. By this process we seek equal competition rights between EU partners who repeal impediments for taxes. Moreover, we seek to accelerate integration process. EU does not have general taxes politics that is why every state member formates it's own tax politics according to EU directives, regulations and other documents. Each state member must apply such tax system which will not allow to distort competition, which will guarantee the functioning of common market and equal taxes to all economy subjects. There is a necessity to unify taxes because different taxes make a huge damage to competition. People will choose such countries, where load of taxes is not so big, other counties are going to have big problems with budget's incoms. The object of this research is tax system. The big load of taxes prevent production growth, stimulate the growth of shade economics expansion and tax hiding. By joining EU Lithuania commited to harmonize VAT taxes and excise taxes. Also other administration systems of taxes were harmonyzed. The advantages for Lithuania for joining EU: coordination of tax system with practice of EU in tax system; usual and easier business conditions for small and medium bussiness companies; the growth of budget incomes because of abolishment of VAT privilege; the tax system was created and tariffs were harmonyzed. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages: higher excise taxes on cigarettes, alcohol and gas will increase the price of products, abolishment of VAT privilige.