Suchergebnisse

Ключевые слова: европейский союз, стратегическое партнерство, КНР, США, отношения с Россией и Беларусью, Единое экономическое пространство. = Key words: The European Union, a strategic partnership, China, the United States, relations with Russia and Belarus, Common Economic Space. ; В статье рассматриваются основные векторы «стратегического партнерства» Европейского союза. Особый акцент автор делает на выстраивании долгосрочных взаимовыгодных связей Евросоюза с КНР, не обходя при этом вниманием отношения с Россией и рожающимся Евразийским экономическим союзом. = The paper examines the main vectors of the «strategic partnership» of the European Union. The author makes particular emphasis on building long-term mutually beneficial relations between the EU and China, thus throws the spotlight on relations with Russia and Eurasian Economic Union.

The article considers the problem of non-recognition by member countries of the European Union, the Russian passports issued on the territory of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city, and the difficulty of obtaining a Schengen visa by citizens of these regions. The EU's position on this issue is a violation of human rights and contradicts the norms of international law. The authors suggest possible solutions to this problem.

В статье проанализирован процесс формирования институциональной структуры Европейского союза, раскрыт механизм функционирования ЕС как самостоятельного субъекта международных отношений, исследованы функции и полномочия институтов и основных органов ЕС. Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с подписанием Конституции ЕС, выявлены принципиальные нововведения, предлагавшиеся данным документом и причины провала его ратификации. Автором проведен анализ Договора о реформе Европейского союза (Лиссабонского договора), который призван заменить собой нератифицированную Конституцию ЕС и способствовать выходу Европейского союза из институционального кризиса. = The process of the formation of institutional structure of the European Union is analysed, the mechanism of the EU functioning as an independent actor of international relations is revealed, the functions and powers of the EU institutions and main bodies are investigated in the article. Questions related to signing of the EU Constitution are considered, principal innovations of the document and the reasons for the failure of its ratifi cation are identifi ed. The author analyses the EU Reform treaty (Lisbon treaty), which aims at substituting the unratifi ed EU Constitution and contributing to the EU coming out of institutional crisis.

Раздел "АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПУБЛИЧНОГО ПРАВА" ; В статье сделана попытка раскрыть правовую природу европейской системы права. Проводится анализ источников права Европейского союза. Отдельное внимание уделяется их статусу. Рассматриваются изменения имеющейся правовой системы после вступления в силу Лиссабонского договора 2007 г. = In the article an attempt to reveal the legal nature of European legal system is made. The author analyses the European Union law sources. Special attention is paid to their status. The changes of current legal system after the entrance into force the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 are examined.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международные организации" ; The European Union experience of the legal regulation of franchising presents particular interest for academic research, and could be applied in practice in the Republic of Belarus. At the EU level the optimal way of the franchise legal regulation was established. The European law provides a general framework of the franchise contracts evaluation in the light of the EC competition law, and only fixes the list of contractual provisions that can not be included in the franchise agreements because of their severe threat to the competition on the relevant market. The author advocates that according to Belarusian legislation franchising is not a means of attracting foreign investments, but it should rather be regarded as a way of attracting national investments. Franchise agreements by their nature will always lead to the restrictions of the competition, and as such can be challenged on the basis of the competition law violation. The problem of the potential breach of the competition law provisions by the franchise contracts shall be taken into account by the Belarusian legislator.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; Рассматриваются взаимоотношения между Республикой Беларусь и Европейским союзом, автором выделяются этапы, характеризуются их особенности и проблемные поля. Анализируются действующие инструменты и инициативы ЕС в отношении Беларуси. Подчеркивается значимость реализации идеи «интеграции интеграций», а именно непротивопоставления членства Беларуси в Евразийском экономическом союзе (ЕАЭС), Союзном государстве Беларуси и России развитию сотрудничества с Европейским союзом. = Relations between Belarus and the European Union are considered in the article, the author distinguishes the stages of relations, their peculiarities and problem fields are characterized. The author analyzes the existing EU instruments and initiatives in relation to Belarus. The importance of implementing the idea of «integration of integrations», namely non-opposing of Belarus'membership in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Union State of Belarus and Russia to cooperation with the European Union is emphasized

The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.

The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Права человека" ; Статья посвящена выявлению и правовой оценке целостного комплекса норм, связанных с правами и свободами человека, который сложился и функционирует в настоящее время в рамках Европейского союза. Автором предпринята попытка разобраться в юридической природе Хартии основных прав ЕС, принятой в 2000 г., сопоставить ее положения с нормами Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод 1950 г. Особое внимание уделено исследованию места и роли Европейского союза в существующей системе международной защиты прав и свобод человека, а также выявлению и последующей оценке прав и свобод первого (гражданские и политические) и второго (экономические, социальные и культурные) поколений, закрепленных в праве ЕС, степени и объему их правовой регламентации. Акцентируется внимание на роли институтов (органов) ЕС, особенно Европарламента, а также ряда специализированных органов (Агентство по основным правам и др.) в процессе формирования в рамках Европейского союза самостоятельной региональной системы защиты прав и свобод человека. Выявлены и проанализированы положения Договора 2004 г., устанавливающего Конституцию для Европы, затрагивающие вопросы прав человека. = The article focuses on identification and legal evaluation of an integral set of norms in the sphere of human rights and freedoms currently existing within the European Union. The author attempts to analyze the legal nature of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU adopted in 2000 and to compare it with the norms of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights. Special attention is paid to the exploration of the role and place of the European Union in the existing system of international protection of human rights and freedoms, as well as to the revealing and the following evaluation of rights and freedoms of the first (civil and political) and second (economic, social and cultural) generations that are fixed in the EU law, and to the level and volume of their legal regulation. The author draws attention to the role of the EU institutions, the European Parliament in particular, as well as of a number of special bodies (the Agency for Fundamental Rights, etc.) in the process of formation of an independent regional system of human rights and freedoms protection within the EU. The author also revealed and analyzed the provisions of the 2004 Treaty fixing European Constitution that include human rights issues.

The European football is in need of proper governance. This fact has been acknowledged in a number of EU documents, as well as by some of its member-states, Britain and France in particular. Weak governance undermines the fi nancial stability of football clubs and the ability of sport to fullfi l its key social functions. Besides other things, it open channels of external interference in the functioning of FIFA and UEFA as selfregulating bodies of football governance. The present article is devoted to the exploration of governance modes transformation in European and international football, infl uences by the European integration process. Global governance is employed here as an analytical approach. It allows to specify the role of the EU in development and maintenance of rules and norms, which limit the freedom of state and nonstate actors, involved in the sphere of football. The 2007 Lisbon Treaty endowed the EU with direct competence in the field of sport. But today it will still be a mistake to conclude that the European institutions are directly responsible for the formation of new structures of football governance. Nevertheless, their activity does have an impact on the lives of those who are involved in it. Unsatisfi ed stakeholders (football clubs, players and fans) turn to the EU for support when seeking alternative ways for settlement of disputes, when they do not find resolution in the internal structures of football governance. Vertical pathways, established in the traditional pyramid of the European football governance are subsequently undermined. Thus, the EU influence makes it easier to turn to structures of network governance. ; Тот факт, что в европейском футболе отсутствует должное управление, был признан в ряде документов Европейского союза, а также некоторыми государствами – членами ЕС, в особенности Великобритани- ей и Францией. Слабое управление подрывает финансовую стабильность футбольных клубов и способность спорта выполнять свои ключевые со- циальные функции. Оно, помимо прочего, открывает каналы для внешнего вмешательства в функционирование ФИФА и УЕФА как ключевых органов футбольного управления. Настоящая статья посвящена анализу эволюции форм управления в европейском и международном профессиональном фут- боле, которая происходит под влиянием европейской интеграции. В каче- стве аналитического подхода использовано глобальное управление. Данный подход помогает уточнить роль ЕС в разработке и поддержании правил и норм, ограничивающих свободу действия государственных и негосудар- ственных акторов, вовлеченных в сферу футбола. На основании Лиссабонского договора 2007 г. ЕС был наделен прямой ком- петенцией в спортивной области. Но и сейчас было бы ошибкой утверждать, что европейские институты несут прямую ответственность за оформление новых структур футбольного управления. Однако их деятельность всё силь- нее сказывается на жизни тех, кто в него вовлечён. Недовольные стейкхол- деры (футбольные клубы, игроки и болельщики) прибегают к содействию ЕС как к альтернативному способу регулирования споров, которые не на- ходят разрешения во внутренних структурах футбольного управления. Тем самым подрываются вертикальные каналы власти, сформировавшиеся в традиционной пирамиде управления европейским футболом. Под влияни- ем ЕС облегчается переход к более демократичным структурам сетевого управления.

Раздел "Международное публичное, международное частное и европейское право" ; Анализируется влияние правоприменительной практики Суда Европейского союза на определение функциональных принципов права ЕС: принципа приоритета и принципа прямого действия. Рассматриваются наиболее значимые прецеденты, раскрывается их роль в закреплении принципов в учредительных документах Европейского союза. = The article deals with the study of the European Court of Justice case law impact on definition of the functional principles of the European Union law: the principle of priority and principle of direct action (effect). The most significant precedents are covered; their role in formation and stipulation of the principles in the basic instruments of the European Union is analyzed.

Раздзел "Міжнароднае супрацоўнтцтва і вопыт" ; В статье рассмотрены проблемы развития таможенного права Европейского Союза во взаимосвязи с трансформацией таможенного законодательства Республики Беларусь. Вопросы унификации и соответствия таможенных норм и правил, созданных в процессе развития Европейского Сообщества, являются актуальными для Республики Беларусь, поскольку от того, насколько эффективным будет сотрудничество ЕС и Республики Беларусь в сфере таможенного регулирования, напрямую зависит интеграция Республики Беларусь в мировое экономическое пространство. = This article deals with the problems of the Customs Law. Centuries-old Customs Law appeared to regulate traffic of goods over customs frontiers. The Customs Law has its own place in the legal system and currently plays a very significant role. Under the conditions of formation of market relations the State is seriously interested in creation of Customs Law as an independent branch of jurisprudence. Its interest is concentrated on system and distinct specification of legal, economic and organizational grounds of the customs science. During accomplishment of foreign trade activities on territory of the Republic of Belarus inevitably arise of various problems stipulated, both internal, and external features of development of the Belarusian economy, and also some instability of the system of legal regulation of the given area.