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Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of migrant Pakistani nurses working in the United Kingdom. Background: Pakistani educated nurses have a history of migration to Middle Eastern and developed countries, and despite severe nurse shortages the Pakistan government has no strategy to retain these professionals. Pakistan saw an unprecedented shortage of nurses during the years 2000-2007 when about 1200 nurses migrated to the United Kingdom. This nursing 'brain drain' has negatively impacted on the health system in Pakistan, leaving it depleted of experienced health workers. Nevertheless, what motivates Pakistani nurses to migrate, and post migration experiences of these nurses are not known. Methods: This study adopted the principles of hermeneutic phenomenology to explore the lived experience of Pakistani educated nurses working in the UK. A total of twenty one Pakistani nurses working and residing in the Northwest, Yorkshire and East Midlands of England were interviewed, including eleven females and ten male participants. In-depth face to face interviews were conducted with participants, supplemented by demographic information sheets, observations, and field notes. Analysis was carried out using van Manen's thematic approach. Findings: Findings of the study reveal the complex nature of the 'life world' of participants and both dismal as well as affirmative experiences were revealed. The three major themes which emerged from the study findings were 'Becoming a Migrant', 'Dissonance and Devaluation' and 'Outsider Identities'. The lived experience of nurses showed physical and emotional hardships in Pakistan that pushed them to leave the country and move abroad. Once migrated to the United Kingdom, these nurses started their careers in elderly care homes and found themselves devalued and deskilled. In addition, their lived experience included feelings of being isolated and alienated in the UK. Discussion: The meaning of study findings reveals the concept of 'otherness' as core to understanding these experiences in the socio-cultural and geo-political context of the study. The meaning of Pakistani migrant nurses' lived experience is linked to marginalization, the politics of identity and belonging. The study is one of the first to describe the notion of 'otherness' as a means of understanding nurse migration, and adds to knowledge of the phenomenon of 'otherness' as it is lived and constructed. This study has also given voice to a small group of Pakistani migrant nurses who have otherwise been marginalised by their society, their profession and their migration to the UK.

As commonly understood, and particularly espoused by Kurdish nationalists, the Kurds are by far the largest ethnic group in the world without their own nation-state. An estimated 2 to 2.5 million ethnically Kurdish people inhabit portions of Syria. There are approximately 6.5 million ethnically Kurdish people in Iraq, 7.6 million in Iran, and 16 million in Turkey. Overall, there are about 30 million Kurds in the world. In the broader context of the Kurdish nationalist struggle, this paper suggests that there is a growing bipolar hegemony for power over the control of Kurdish land and politics. Research was predicated around the question of why not all Kurdish groups pursue full independence. Standing in contrast to each other despite relatively similar goals is the Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK) and the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP). The KCK movement is the more diverse of the two, with its member organizations being the dominant forces of the Kurdish movement in Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Within Turkey, the KCK is represented politically through the HDP and PKK, along with the armed wing of the PKK (HPG). In Syria, KCK is represented politically through the PYD and its armed wing YPG. In Iran, the KCK is represented by PJAK and in Iraq it is represented by the PÇDK. In Syria and Turkey, KCK affiliated groups are the dominant political and militia force. The only Kurdish inhabited region where this is not the case is in the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq, which is dominated politically, economically, and militarily by the KDP and its affiliates. The two camps differ in a host of ways: the KCK espouses anti-state, anarcho-socialist sentiment while the KDP opts for establishing a traditional nation-state. The KCK has poor relations with Turkey universally, while the KDP and by extension the KRG has warm relations built off of growing economic interests. Most importantly, their end goals for Kurdish society are drastically different: KCK organization call for autonomous communities and do not advocate for a state, in direct contrast to the KDP's long iii term goal of an independent nation-state for the Kurdish people. Despite the common enemy of Islamic State, tensions between the two camps have only increased as each looks to become the voice for the Kurdish nation. ; 2017-05-01 ; B.S. ; College of Sciences, Political Science ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The unpredictable Anthropocene poses the challenge of imagining a radically different, equitable and sustainable world. Looking 100 years ahead is not easy, and especially as millennials, it appears quite bleak. This paper is the outcome of a visioning exercise carried out in a 2-day workshop, attended by 33 young early career professionals under the auspices of IPBES. The process used Nature Futures Framework in an adapted visioning method from the Seeds of Good Anthropocene project. Four groups envisioned more desirable future worlds; where humanity has organised itself, the economy, politics and technology, to achieve improved nature-human well-being. The four visions had differing conceptualisations of this future. However, there were interesting commonalities in their leverage points for transformative change, including an emphasis on community, fundamentally different economic systems based on sharing and technological solutions to foster sustainability and human-nature connectedness. Debates included questioning the possibility of maintaining local biocultural diversity with increased connectivity globally and the prominence of technology for sustainability outcomes. These visions are the first step towards a wider galvanisation of youth visions for a brighter future, which is often missing in the arena where it can be taken seriously, to trigger more transformative pathways towards meeting global goals. ; Fil: Rana, Sakshi. Wildlife Institute; India ; Fil: Ávila-García, Daniela. Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya; España ; Fil: Dib, Viviane. International Institute For Sustainability; Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil ; Fil: Familia, Lemuel. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; República Dominicana ; Fil: Gerhardinger, Leopoldo Cavaleri. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil ; Fil: Martin, Emma. No especifíca; ; Fil: Martins, Paula Isla. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; Brasil ; Fil: Pompeu, Joao. Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais; Brasil ; Fil: Selomane, Odirilwe. Stockholms Universitet; Suecia ; Fil: Tauli, Josefa Isabel. German Centre For Integrative Biodiversity Research.; Alemania. University of the Philippines; Filipinas ; Fil: Tran, Diem H. T. Norwegian Institute For Nature Research.; Noruega ; Fil: Valle, Mireia. Universidad del País Vasco; España ; Fil: Von Below, Jonathan. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina ; Fil: Pereira, Laura M. Stockholms Universitet; Suecia. STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY (SUN);

The transition between traditional politics to social media has given rise to new spaces, forms and languages for political communication. Visual aspects have been crucial in this process and political parties have tried to integrate them into their web presence. Those images are carefully selected in order to have an impact and foster engagement on Twitter, especially in the form of memes. This paper therefore analyses the use of images in the digital discourse of Spanish political parties on Twitter. Content analysis is used as the preferred research method to study how such visual content was used by the main political party accounts –typology of images, communication strategies, main hashtags, impact, etc – during the 2015 State of the Nation Debate in Spain. Likewise, content analysis was complemented with the thematic tagging of graphics memes by analysing the meanings of the text (image and text). Our work has revealed significant differences in the use of memes by political parties in the Spanish Parliament. The paper also highlights Twitter accounts with high memetic potential. ; El salto de la esfera política convencional a los social media ha implicado la aparición de nuevos espacios, fórmulas y lenguajes para la comunicación política. En pleno proceso de evolución hacia una web más visual los partidos y líderes políticos han pasado a integrar diversos tipos de imágenes en su discurso 2.0. Estas imágenes han sido cuidadosamente seleccionadas para lograr el máximum comunicativo y suscitar la participación de los internautas en su distribución, posibilitando su conversión en memes. En este sentido, el presente artículo ha tenido por objeto conocer la utilización de las imágenes en el discurso 2.0 de los partidos políticos españoles en Twitter. A partir del análisis de contenido como método de investigación se estudió el empleo de dichos contenidos gráficos por los principales perfiles políticos –tipología de imágenes, estrategias comunicativas, hashtags o etiquetas más habituales, repercusión, etc.- en la conversación online que se estableció durante la celebración del Debate sobre el Estado de la Nación en España (2015). Este análisis de contenido se completó con el etiquetado temático de los memes gráficos, a partir del análisis de las significaciones del texto (imagen y texto). El trabajo efectuado ha permitido señalar divergencias en el empleo de los memes por los perfiles políticos con presencia en la Cámara. No obstante, más allá de las estrategias comunicativas desarrolladas, se han podido determinar unos perfiles con mayor potencial memético.

Secret student societies have an extensive history reaching back to medieval Europe. In the U.S., the so-called "Greek System" began its ascent in influence at American colleges from the 1820s onward and in particular after the Civil War (the use of Greek letters was meant to recall the glories of the ancients and to stress the difference between the "Greeks" on the one hand, and the excluded "barbarians" on the other). Despite their objectionable aspects, college administrators saw fraternities as an advantageous and inexpensive way to feed, house, and control students, as well as to foster alumni loyalty. In addition, the social training and contacts students gained were considered an asset in the world of business and public life following graduation into an increasingly industrialized and capitalist working world. By 1900 the "Greek system" was an integral part of American higher education, completely dominating campus social life and student politics even when members did not make up the numerical majority. ; However, the system was effectively barred to Jews because of Christian symbolism inherent in fraternity rituals, the reluctance to share living quarters with them, and most often explicit racial and religious restrictive clauses in fraternity constitutions. Such exclusion was intolerable for an immigrant/ethnic group which sought higher education as a form of social and economic advancement and which attended college and professional school in hugely disproportionate numbers. American Jews with means to do so therefore both retaliated and sought comfort among their own by forming a complete parallel fraternity and sorority system which functioned separately from the Gentile groups into the 1950s and in some cases well into the 1960s, until a combination of anti-sectarianism, student indifference, and profound changes in post-World War II American society led to its decline. ; This work is an institutional biography and impressionistic narrative using surviving archives and periodicals of the historically Jewish fraternities concentrating on their heyday from 1920 to 1940 and focussing on the twin themes of external anti-Semitism and internal self-hatred. Other themes include: manifestations of the "Best Behavior" syndrome, whereby Jews sought safety by punctilious observance of Gentile modes of deportment; vocational fears of young Jews, especially during the Great Depression; the phenomenon of Jewish student migrancy; intergenerational relations between alumni and undergraduate members; and finally, the extensive social life and match-making role of the Jewish fraternity system. ; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-02, Section: A, page: 0680. ; Adviser: Arthur A. Goren. ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 1994.

Public-private partnership (PPP) has been an important issue in recent decades. PPP is seen by some as a cure for inefficient and over-burdensome modern government. Yet, by observing practices in China, this research aims to answer the simple questions: why has there been a decline in PPPs? How does government decide whether or not to establish partnership with private enterprises? By investigating the case of Primary Land Development (PLD) in China especially in Beijing, this research has attempted to provide explanations mainly in relation to coordination effectiveness involving a resource interdependence theory. Logic of institutionalism is followed. External environment, key institutions and attributes of PLD field are also carefully examined to further explain the change of resources and coordination effectiveness. This research conducts longitudinal comparison of cases within one case city: Beijing. The focal level is Beijing municipal level. Three time horizons are examined, which are 2002—2004, 2005—2008, and 2009-2010. The First-hand data in this study have two main sources: in-depth interviews with key policy participants and archives acquired through fieldwork. Secondary data including statistical yearbooks, laws and policies, news, and research carried out by previous students are also employed by the research. This research examines the changes of external political and economic environment in each time horizon. It compares the coordination effectiveness between PLD policy-makers and PLD implementers and between PLD implementers and other stakeholders in PLD process within each time period. Through examining the three stages of PLD in Beijing, this research develops the following findings. First, fiscal decentralization and cadre management are two important elements shaping the incentives of policy-makers in China. Second, coordination effectiveness in two dimensions influence policy-makers in decisions related to PPP. Third, the degree and the extent of resource interdependence influences whether coordinator can employ the most suitable and effective mechanisms to coordinate. Fourth, changes to the external economic and political environment will change the incentives and policy choices of policy-makers, and also change the resources held by different actors. Fifth, coordination matters. When traditional mechanisms such as hierarchy and the market do not work well in many cases, the ability to employ new coordination mechanisms such as networks is particularly important in achieving the desired goals of coordinators. Finally, in countries like China which is dominated by political logic, the more politically significant a field is, the less likely it is that PPPs will exist. ; published_or_final_version ; Politics and Public Administration ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Note: According to its publication date, this issue is the eighth issue to be published, however "Vol.I No.VI" is written on the cover (the font makes it look like Vol.II No. VII); however, the next issue claims to be number eight. To keep publication dates in order, we have relabeled this issue as VIII-A and issue VIII as VIII-B. Page 1 The title page depicts an ASOSU election ballot with such words as "conspiracy" and "smear" next to checkmarks. A large hand has stamped the word "FRAUD" on the ballot. Caricatures (identities unknown) are holding a pen and appear to have just voted on the ballot. Page 2 "ELECTION FRAUD" The recent student election for the ASOSU is called into question. Various prerequisites for positions are cited as examples of illegitimate proceedings involving students not matching the requirements for filled positions. The Student Activities Committee is accused of showing favoritism towards certain members of the administration. Also cited was the misprinting of some of the ballots, with some names left off. Other voter fraud is claimed. Continued on Page 3. Page 3 [no title] "ELECTION FRAUD" from Page 1 is concluded. "REESOR FIGHTS CONSPIRACY" Various obstacles of Reesor's ASOSU Presidential campaign, mostly involving his eligibility, are recounted. Continued on Page 8. Page 4 "ASOSU ELECTIONS: 1969" The entire page is filled by drawings depicting various groups involved in the ASOSU elections in an unflattering mannor. Page 5 "ELECTIONS MUST BE HALTED AND INVESTIGATED" Dirty politics and prejudiced rules are accused of tampering with the ASOSU elections. Various candidates, both winners and losers, are paraphrased (although with no identification of the individual paraphrased) regarding the allegedly fraudulent election. Various specific allegations are made regarding the level of fraud in the elections. Continued on Page 7. Page 6 [no title] Artwork depicts the Athletic Department, Administration, MU Director, "Corrupt Student Leaders," and their hand-picked candidate standing over a pile of students with such names as "student voice," "smear," and "invalidated students." The picture is captioned "THE BEST MAN WON." Page 7 "David and Lisa" The film by Contemporary Films and Young Film Makers is advertised. [no title] Continuation of "ELECTIONS MUST BE HALTED AND INVESTIGATED" on Page 5. Continued on Page 8. Page 8 [no title] Conclusion of "ELECTIONS MUST BE HALTED AND INVESTIGATED" from Page 7. "REESOR FIGHTS CONSPIRACY (cont'd)" Conclusion of article on Page 3.

Book reviewed in this article:RÜCKRIBM, G. M. (1965). Die Situation der Volksschulc auf dun Lande. Soziologische Studien und pädagogischc Überlegungcn. Schriften des Deutschcn Instituts für wissenschaftlichc Pädagogik, Münster, (München: Kösel‐Verlag), 351 S.HUDDE, W. & M. SCHMIEL, Hrsg. (1965), Handbuch des Landwirtschaftlichen Bildungswesens (München‐Bad‐Wien: Baynischer Landwirtschaftsvalag), 589 S.BucnHOLZ, E. W. (1966), Ländliche Bevölkerung an dcr SchweUe d s Indusuiaeitalters ‐ Dcr Raum Bnunschweig als Beispiel. Quellen und Forschungcn zur Agnrg dchte, Band XI (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag), 94 S.ELHAI, H. (1965), Recherches sur la propriété foncière des citadins en Haute‐Normandie. Paris: C.N.R.S., Centre de Recherches et Documentation Cartographiques et Géographiques, Tome x, fascicule 3, I 10 p.KAVADIAS, G. B. (1965). Pastcurs nomades méditerranéns. Les Supcatsans dc Grèce (Paris: Gauthier‐Vilhrs), 446 pp,. 109 ill.ROUSSEAU. H. (1966), Les facteurs d'évolution de la commercialisation des produits agricolcs en France (Paris: Gauthier‐Villars), 256 p.Villages déscrtés et histoire économique. Xle‐XVIIIe siècles (1965), Éole Pratique des Hautes Études ‐ VIc Seaion, Centre dc Recherches Historiques (Paris:S.E.V.P.E.N.), pp.619.BOISSEVAIN. J. (1965), Saints and Fireworks. Religion and Politics in Rural Malta (University of London: Athlonc Press), 154 pp., Map and Plates.ISHWARAN, K. (1966), Tradition and Economy in Village India (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.), pp. XIVt‐169.PAHL, R. E. (1965), Urbs in Rure: the Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire. (London School of Economics and Political Science, Geographical Papers no. 2). pp. 83.ELIAS, NORBERT & JOHN L. SCOTSON (1965), The Established and the Outsiders: A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems (Landon: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.) PP. xi + 199.HAVINDEN, M. A. (I 966). (with contributions by D. S. Thornton and P. D. Wood), Estate Villages (London: Lund Humphria for the University of Reading). pp. 210.CONSTANDSE, A. K., L. WIJERS & N. C. DE RUITER (1966). Planning and Creation of an Environment: Experiences in the Yssclmecrpolders (The Hague: Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning), pp. 89, 69 illustrations.WEITZ, R., ed. (1965). Rural Planning in Developing Countries; Report on the Second Rchovot Conference, Israel, August 1963 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), PP. VIII + 443.Väestöntutkimuksen Vuosikirja IX, 1965–1966 (Yearbook of Population Research in Finland, 1965–1966) (Helsinki/Tapiola: Väest7ouml;poliittincn Tutkimuslaitos/Population Research Institute), pp. 140.BECKER, H. A., 4. (1966), Demwatie en sociaal onderzock. Positie en funaie van het sociaal‐wctcnschappelijk onde‐k in dc verhouding tussen ovcrhcid UI bevolking (Democracy and Research. Position and Function of Social Research in the Relation between Government and Population), (Utrecht: Bijleveld), PP. 232.

The volume examines translation of key German texts into the modern Indian languages as well as translation from the vernacular languages of South Asia into German. Our key concerns are shifting historical contexts, concepts, and translation practices. Bringing an intellectual history dimension to translation studies, we explore the history of translation, translators, and sites of translation. The organization of the volume follows some key questions. Which texts were being translated? At what point or period in time did this happen? What were the motivations behind these translations? Topics covered range from thematic nodes or clusters, e.g., translations of Economics texts and ideas into Urdu, or the translation of Marx and Engels into Marathi, to personal endeavours, such as the first Hindi translation of Goethe's Faust done by Bholanath Sharma in 1939. Missionary as well as Marxist activist translation work from Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu is included too. On the other hand, German translations of Tagore and Gandhi setting in shortly after 1912 are also examined. Also discussed are political strategies of publication of translations from modern Indian languages guiding the output of publishing houses in the GDR after 1949. Further included are the translator's perspective and the contemporary translation and literary culture. What happens through the process of linguistic translation in the realm of cultural translation? What can a historical study of translation tell us about the history of Indo-German intellectual entanglements in the long twentieth century? The volume brings together multifaceted interdisciplinary research work from South Asian and German studies to answer some of these questions

While the economic involvement of early modern Germany in slavery and the slave trade is increasingly receiving attention, the direct participation of Germans in human trafficking remains a blind spot in historiography. This edited volume focuses on practices of enslavement taking place within German territories in the early modern period as well as on the people of African, Asian, and Native American descent caught up in them

The fateful days and weeks surrounding 6 June 1944 have been extensively documented in histories of the Second World War, but less attention has been paid to the tremendous impact of these events on the populations nearby. The Lost Paratroopers of Normandy tells the inspiring yet heartbreaking story of ordinary people who did extraordinary things in defense of liberty and freedom. On D-Day, when transport planes dropped paratroopers from the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions hopelessly off-target into marshy waters in northwestern France, the 900 villagers of Graignes welcomed them with open arms. These villagers - predominantly women - provided food, gathered intelligence, and navigated the floods to retrieve the paratroopers' equipment at great risk to themselves. When the attack by German forces on 11 June forced the overwhelmed paratroopers to withdraw, many made it to safety thanks to the help and resistance of the villagers. In this moving book, historian Stephen G. Rabe, son of one of the paratroopers, meticulously documents the forgotten lives of those who participated in this integral part of D-Day history

"This book is about the experiences of Jewish children who were members of armed partisan groups in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust. It describes and analyze the role of children as activists, agents, and decision makers in a situation of extraordinary danger and stress. The children in this book were hunted like prey and ran for their lives. They survived by fleeing into the forest and swamps of Eastern Europe and joining anti-German partisan groups. The vast majority of these children were teenagers between ages 11 and 18, although some were younger. They were, by any definition, child soldiers, and that is the reason they lived to tell their tales. The book will be of interest to general and academic audiences. There is also great interest in children and childhood across disciplines of history and the social sciences. It is likely to spark considerable debate and interest, since its argument runs counter to the generally accepted wisdom that child soldiers must first and foremost be seen as victims of their recruiters. The argument of this book is that time, place, and context play a key role in our understanding of children's involvement in war and that in some contexts children under arms must be seen as exercising an inherent right of self-defense"--

This open access book traces the development of sociology in Germany from the late 19th century to the present day, providing a concise overview of the main actors, institutional processes, theories, methods, topics and controversies. Throughout the book, the author relates the discipline's history to its historical, economic, political and cultural contexts. The book begins with sociology in the German Reich, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism and exile, before exploring sociology after 1945 as a 'key discipline' of the young Federal Republic of Germany, and reconstructing the periods from 1945 to 1968 and from 1968 to 1990. The final chapters are devoted to sociology in the German Democratic Republic and the period from 1990 to the present day. This work will appeal to students and scholars of sociology, and to a general readership interested in the history of Germany.