Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the research of a topical and debatable issue regarding the basic aspects of the status of an employee in the European Union, which includes employment of citizens of the European Union and employment of third-country nationals who are not members of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to the issue of illegal labor migration in the European Union in the context of current and integration processes and their impact on the current economic situation in the EU. Every year, the phenomenon of labor migration becomes more relevant, because of the poor economic situation in many countries people are forced to seek employment in other countries and emigrate. But the conditions for such persons are different. For example, for emigrants from other countries of the European Union they will be more or less the same, while for emigrants from third countries they will be completely different. There are many conflicts and disputes and, also there is discrimination, which significantly inhibits the legal status of expatriate workers. Such workers face a lot of barriers with regard to their housing during the period of work, working conditions, salaries, moving their families with them, educating children, moving around the territory of the European Union, desire to stay in the future in the European Union. Most of the issues remain unresolved, which has a very negative effect on emigrant workers. The absence of the rule of law that would regulate this issue binds hands of such a category of people, restricts them in fundamental rights and freedoms, in actions and decisions, which is a direct violation. Nowadays the implementation of the legal status of migrant workers in the European Union is underdeveloped, imperfect, and not uniform for all countries. There is also no well-defined mechanism of legal regulation of labor migration in the works of scientists. So this issue requires a thorough analysis and search for solutions to this problem. In this article we will try to explore the ...

La tesi di dottorato "Unione Europea e Sanità" è uno studio sistematico del diritto alla salute e della protezione della sanità pubblica nell'ordinamento giuridico dell'Unione Europea. Il primo capitolo analizza le competenze sanitarie dell'Unione Europea, introdotte per la prima volta dal Trattato di Maastricht e definitivamente sistemate all'art. 168 TFUE. La norma identifica alcuni settori specifici nei quali l'Unione può agire e altri, quali l'organizzazione dei sistemi sanitari e la fornitura di cure mediche, che rimangono in capo agli Stati membri. Il secondo capitolo esamina le deroghe e le esigenze imperative connesse alla salvaguardia della salute nel mercato interno ed è suddiviso in tre sezioni dedicate alla libera circolazione delle merci, al diritto di stabilimento e alla libera prestazione dei servizi. Nella prima ci si è occupati dello sviluppo della legislazione farmaceutica. Nella seconda si sono analizzati il mutuo riconoscimento delle qualifiche professionali e le legislazioni statali che restringono il diritto di stabilimento degli operatori sanitari transfrontalieri. Nella terza si è rivolta l'attenzione alla mobilità dei pazienti che, attraverso la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia, è stata trasfusa in un atto di diritto derivato. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sul ruolo del diritto alla salute nell'ordinamento giuridico dell'Unione Europea in considerazione del valore vincolante della Carta dei diritti fondamentali. Coerentemente, si è scelto di mantenere una struttura tripartita. Nella prima sezione, ci si interroga sull'esistenza di tale diritto alla luce dei pochi casi presenti. Nella seconda, lo si analizza per il tramite delle obbligazioni di proteggere, rispettare ed adempiere, enucleate attraverso alcuni strumenti internazionali e si verifica il ruolo del principio di non discriminazione in relazione all'accesso alle cure. Nella terza, infine, si verifica il ruolo del consenso informato rispetto alla sperimentazione clinica ed alla donazione di materiale biologico. ; The thesis aims at analysing the right to health and its protection in the legal order of the European Union. The first chapter assesses EU's health competences, introduced for the first time by the Maastricht Treaty and now codified into art. 168 TFEU. It identifies some specific sectors in which the EU can act and others, as the organisation of national health systems, that remain on the scope of domestic legislation. The second chapter examines health related derogations and mandatory requirements concerning the free moment of goods, the right of establishment and the freedom to provide services. For this reason it is divided into three sections. The first is devoted to pharmaceutical products. The second analyses the mutual recognition of medical qualifications and the domestic hindrance to the establishment of health operators. The third concerns patients' mobility and how the case law of the Court of Justice has been transposed in a piece of secondary legislation. Taking into consideration the binding value of the Charter of fundamental rights, the third chapter focuses on the role of the right to health in EU law. The structure is thus consistently threefold. The first section, in the light of the few cases so far appeared, questions the existence of the right to health. In the second one, it is analysed using some international conventions in order to assess the impact of the obligations to protect, to respect and to fulfil and, eventually, the link between the principle of non-discrimination vis-á-vis the access to healthcare. The last section examines the right to informed consent in clinical trials and the donation of biological materials.

The purpose of the article is to determine the nature and positions of the British government, political parties of Great Britain, EU member states, the British community and the world community regarding the future membership of the UK in the European Union.The following main tasks are set here: analysis of the vision of the future of the EU and the place of the UK in it by the EU, the British government, supporters and opponents of EU membership (in particular public opinion on this issue). The author emphasizes the UK's special place in the EU: it is one of the EU member states that is not part of the euro area; Like Ireland, she refused to join the Schengen area; Great Britain is one of the main opponents of the introduction of the European Prosecutor's Office; she has a special position in the budgetary sphere. Features of the Brussels summit of 2016 are considered. It is proved that as a result of the Brussels summit, Great Britain has received a special status that will allow its citizens to finally decide on a referendum on the future membership of the UK in the European Union. According to the Brussels agreement, London refused to participate in the policy of an "ever closer union", which was assumed by existing EU agreements. According to the reached compromises, London can not "be obliged to further political integration." Therefore, the paragraphs on the "ever closer union" in the European agreements will henceforth not affect the UK. The Brussels agreement on the special status of the UK in the EU provides for equal rights for the United Kingdom with other EU members, but smaller responsibilities, a signed agreement will come into effect if the British vote in favor of the EU in a referendum. If they oppose, then there will be no deal either, because the UK will withdraw from the EU. But citizens, giving their votes in a referendum, will know that they vote for staying in the EU with a special status. The author concludes that the secession of Great Britain for the EU will mean the loss of its authority, connections in the world and the beginning of theprocess of disintegration, and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU can become the beginning of the end of this supranational organization. Therefore, in order to preserve the integrity of the EU, it is necessary to find answers to a set of challenges facing it. ; Метою статті є визначення характеру і позицій британського уряду, політичних партій Великобританії, країн-учасниць ЄС, британської спільноти та світової громадськості щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Тут поставлені такі основні завдання: аналіз бачення майбутнього ЄС та місця Великобританії в ньому з боку ЄС, уряду Великобританії, прихильників і противників перебування в ЄС (зокрема громадської думки з цього питання). Автор підкреслює особливе місце Великобританії в ЄС: вона є однією з дев'яти країн-членів ЄС, яка не входить до єврозони; поряд з Ірландією, вона відмовилася вступати до Шенгенської зони; Британія є одним із головних противників введення інституту Європейської прокуратури; їй властива особлива позиція в бюджетній сфері. Розглянуто особливості проведення брюссельського саміту 2016 р. Доведено, що у результаті брюссельського саміту Великобританія отримала особливий статус, який надасть можливість її громадянам остаточно визначитися на референдумі щодо майбутнього членства Великобританії в Євросоюзі. Згідно брюссельської угоди Лондон відмовився від участі в політиці "дедалі тіснішого союзу", яку передбачали наявні угоди щодо ЄС. Згідно з досягнутим компромісом, Лондон не можна "зобов'язувати до подальшої політичної інтеграції". Тож пункти щодо "дедалі тіснішого союзу" у європейських угодах віднині не стосуватимуться Великобританії. Брюссельська угода про особливий статус Великобританії в ЄС, передбачає рівні для Об'єднаного Королівства права з іншими членами ЄС, але менші обов'язки, підписана наперед угода вступить в силу, якщо на референдумібританці висловляться за ЄС. Якщо вони висловляться проти, то й угоди ніякої не буде, тому що Великобританія вийде з Євросоюзу. Але громадяни, віддаючи свої голоси на референдумі, вже будуть знати, що голосують за те, щоб залишитися в ЄС з особливим статусом. Авторка робить висновок,що сецесія Британії для ЄС означатиме втрату свого авторитету, зв'язків у світі і початок процесу розпаду, а вихід Сполученого королівства зі складу ЄС може стати початком кінця цієїнаднаціональної організації. Тому для збереження цілісності ЄС потрібно знайти відповіді на комплекс викликів, які постали перед ним.

In this paper the author discusses the European Union law as an autonomous legal order independent of international law (which is however part of that law, but stand-alone). The EU system of law named the acquis communautaire binds its members. European Union law consists of primary law and secondary law also called a derivative. In this paper the impact of the principle of primacy of EU law into national law of the Member States is presented, as well as the matter of State liability under EU law intended to ensure the full and effective protection of such a law. Scientific description analyzing finds support primarily in the case law of the ECJ, the Polish Constitutional Court, as well as the relevant provisions of Polish law and the European Union.The author stresses the importance of the accomplishment the obligations coming from memberships European Union. In fact, Member States are obliged to ensure that their citizens can apply EU law, but also the effectiveness of the that law in the area rights of the individual. However, the principle of the responsibility still remains problematic. The European Union has created the entire set of measures in order to ensure full and effective protection of aimed at the protection of EU citizens, which is also capable by institution liability of a Member State for breach of EU law. Procedure of breach by a Member State its obligations is governed by art. 258 -260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The essay discusses closely the procedure that applies to the situation of committing breaches of the obligations that the Member States under the treaties. In that cases, the breach by a Member State its obligations arising from EU membership and provided by the law of the European Union, may lead to the initiation of proceedings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). ; Застосування права Європейського Союзу державами-членами ЄС породило багато проблем. Особливо викликає спори принцип пріоритетного права Європейського Союзу. Законодавство Європейського Союзу, визначене як acquis communautaire, для держав-членів ЄС є обов'язковим. Законодавство Європейського Союзу є автономним порядком, який не залежить від національного права (є частиною цього права, але автономною).

The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes that form the basis of the European Bar, the study of the basics of legal regulation of European lawyers at the national and supranational levels to update the modern model of legal support of advocacy in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the need to transform domestic legal norms and bring them in line with European legal requirements for the legal profession. It is emphasized that the entire system of European Union law testifies to the autonomy of the legal profession, its independence and self-government. Emphasis is placed on the priority of guaranteeing the right to practice legal self-government. It has been found that the uniqueness of the EU lies in the fact that it includes states with specific legal systems. The European Bar is an important institution, the regulation of which is carried out at the national and supranational level of legal regulation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the General Code of Rules for Advocates developed by the Council of Advocates and Law Societies of Europe. This code constitutes a system of rules that are decisive for bar associations. These rules are clearly correlated with the system of basic tasks performed by lawyers as members of a bar association. It has been found that the bar of the EU is a powerful self-governing organization with an extensive system of self-governing bodies. Such a system is able to ensure the effective operation of the legal profession, training of lawyers and advanced training, quality of legal services, adherence to legal ethics and corporate culture of lawyers, timely disciplinary action for violations in the professional activities of lawyers. It is noted that the system of bar self-government bodies of the European Union is quite heterogeneous. The primary level of self-governing institutions is formed depending on the judicial districts (districts of the Tribunals of the first instance). In many countries, membership of bar associations (chambers or orders of ...

This handbook is the result of three years of teaching European Union Transport Law to the law students of the University of Roma Tre.The course falls within the "Studying Law at Roma Tre" programme, which includes 14 classes entirely taught in English.Following these lines the handbook is divided into three modules, reflecting areas where the intervention of EU law has been most significant: air transport, rail transport, and passengers' rights. To each module we have annexed the most relevant judgments and decisions by the EU Courts and Commission which we found particularly useful to illustrate, from a practical point of view, the policies underlying EU transport law and the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders.Obviously there are other aspects which are touched by EU law, especially in the field of movement of goods, port infrastructures, and road safety, but we have preferred to focus, at least in this first edition, on the three aforementioned aspects.We hope that this primer – which is made available by Roma TrE-press to the whole European academic community on a freely accessible basis – will contribute to the development of the subject as a course offered to students who are and increasingly will be the main beneficiaries of the growing transport networks in the EU.

Si presentano qui una selezione e un breve commento dei principali documenti europei e internazionali relativi al patrimonio culturale usciti fra il 2014 e il 2019. A selection and a brief commentary on the main European and international documents on cultural heritage published between 2014 and 2019 are presented here.

C'è molta discriminazione di genere nella società, che è suddiviso in diverse categorie come il divario salariale di genere, la differenza salariale e il divario retributivo di genere. La società genera molti stereotipi nella forza lavoro tra uomini e donne, razza, religione e così via, infatti,la ricchezza è la chiave per poter conoscere la quantità di disuguaglianza retributiva di genere, che ha un impatto psicologico e sociologico sulla vita delle persone. In questo ambito, spiegherò cos'è la teoria dei salari e le sue forme, e parlerò di come il divario retributivo di genere esista ancora nel mondo di oggi illustrando le cause e tipi di disuguaglianza di genere nell'Unione europea e nel mondo in generale.

The study focuses on changes made to the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine" for the purpose of implementing accounting standards to the European Union directives. The object of the research paper is accounting in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and development trends of accounting in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of European legislation. Research methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, idealization and generalization are used to analyze the changes introduced into the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine". Today, Ukraine is moving actively towards the implementation of European legislation into domestic practice, including standards of accounting and financial reporting. Successful implementation of European legislation into domestic accounting practice, first and foremost, requires clarification of differences in accounting and financial reporting. The amendments made to the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine" will promote harmonization of national legislation in the field of accounting and financial reporting with the legislation of the European Union countries and the International Financial Reporting Standards. The changes introduced will provide the basis for raising accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine to a qualitatively new level that will enable effective management decision- making by domestic business entities. The results obtained are the basis for accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine, in accordance the norms of the European Union directives. The research results may be used all economic entities in Ukraine in different sectors of the economy.

In the scientific article the author investigates the issue of consumer protection in the activities of the European Union. The principle according to which the consumer of the European Union is a weaker party in the obligation is considered. The author analyzes the normative regulation of consumer protection in the European Union. It is shown that classification of consumer rights is supported by a large number of scientists, who divide them in general and special. The term "consumer" and similar terms in EU legislation are considered. The signs of the consumer are defined as categories of law and legislation of the EU. Legislative acts which regulate the application of law in the EU are investigated. Consumer agreement rule is analyzed, according to which the law of the country of origin of the consumer is subject to application. Exceptions to consumer agreements in the Regulation (EU) № 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) are highlighted. Regulatory legal acts which regulate the procedural issues of consumer protection in the EU, in particular Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 'On jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters', also entitled "Brussels I" have been investigated. Application of the Brussels I Regulation about consumer agreements has been researched. Alternative systems which are aimed at minimizing barriers for consumers in the access to justice have been analyzed. Legal regulation, object and content of the Alternative Dispute Resolution system have been investigation. Attention is also focused on the system of interactive dispute resolution, its scope of activities and content. Extra-judicial network of consumer rights protection and its constituent elements, in particular European Extra Judicial Network, ICPEN-Europe, the subgroup, which was set up by the European Commission, European Association for the Coordination of Consumer Representation in Standardization ...