Suchergebnisse

Son yıllarda küreselleşmenin etkisiyle, dünya ekonomisi gelişme göstermektedir. Dünya ekonomisindeki bu gelişmeye paralel olarak, insanların yaşam şekilleri değişmeye başlamış buda enerjiye olan talebi küresel ölçekte arttırmıştır. Dünya, tükettiği enerjinin önemli bir kısmını fosil kaynaklardan sağlamakta olup, bu tür kaynaklar dünyanın belirli bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Fosil kaynakların sınırlı ve sonlu olması, dünya ekonomilerinin bu kaynaklara ulaşma ve egemen olma mücadelesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'nin enerji politikaları incelenmiştir. İthal kaynaklara bağımlılığı yüksek olan iki ekonominin, enerji arz güvenliği bağlamında karşılıklı menfaatleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden sonra dünyanın ikinci büyük enerji tüketimi olan AB ile dünyanın en önemli enerji rezervlerinin olduğu Ortadoğu ve Hazar Bölgesi arasında kalan Türkiye'nin, enerji koridoru olarak Avrupa Birliği'nin enerji arz güvenliğine etkileri incelenmiştir. ; The world economy has grown significantly with the impact of the globalization. In parallel with this development in the world economy, peoples life styles have started to change and hence this increased demand for energy on global scale. The world gets the most significant part of the energy it consumes from fossil energy resources and this kind of resources are concentrated in some specific regions of the world. The fact that fossil energy resources are scarce and problematic creates the struggle between world economies to reach these resources and to be hegemonic on these resources. In this study, energy policies of European Union and Republic of Turkey have been analyzed. Conjugate interests of these two economies that are highly dependent on imported resources have been studied within the context of safety of energy supply. As an energy corridor, which remains between E.U. that is the second energy consumer after United States of America, and Middle East and Caspian Sea that have the most important part of the energy reserves, impacts of Republic of Turkey on the safety of energy supply to European Union has been studied.

İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda, eğitim ve onun yükselen değerleriyle yeni bir inşa dönemi başlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği, bu sürece kayıtsız kalamamış; Birlik olmanın getirdiği öncelikler olan sanayi, ticari, politik, güvenlik ve temel haklar konularında başladığı bütünleşme çabalarına eğitimle devam etmiştir. Eğitim başlığı, Birlik için önemli bir konudur. Birliğin gelişimi incelendiğinde eğitimin özellikle ekonomi politikalarıyla ilintisi dikkat çekmektedir. AT aşamasında mevcut ekonomik koşullar Topluluğun ilgisini ekonomik gelişmeye ve kalkınmaya ve diğer bazı alanlara çekmiştir. Bu ilginin Birliğin elli yılına mal olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyoekonomik gelişmelerle beraber gelişen Birlik özellikle seksenli yılların başlangıcıyla beraber eğitim politikalarına oldukça önem vermeye başlamış; iki binli yıllarla beraber politikaların ve programların meyvelerini toplamaya başlamıştır. Bu sonuçlar ise ?Avrupalılaşma? ve bir ?Avrupa Kültürü? inşa etme çabalarında Birliğin aldığı yolu en açık bir biçimde göstermektedir. ; In our century, with education and its upgrade values, a new construction period has begun. European Union has not been indifferent to this process; it has kept on the integration efforts in the areas of industry, commerce, politics, security and fundamental rights, which are the priorities coming with being a union, with education. The title of ?Education? is an important issue for Union. When looked at the progress of Union, it calls attention the relation of education with especially economy politics. At the time of European Community, the present economic conditions have attracted Community?s attention to economical progress and development and some other areas. It is thought that this attention has cost fifty years for Union. Union that develops together with socio?economic progression has attached importance considerably to education politics with especially the beginning of 1980s; together with 2000s, it has begun to take the results of politics and programs. As for these results show clearly the distance that Union gains in the efforts of constructing ?European Culture? and in ?Europeanization?.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

Adapted from the source document.

As of 2010, there is an increasing authoritarian political structure in Hungary. Winning the elections, the Fidesz government led by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán makes constitutional amendments in line with the party's purposes, guides the media outlets according to its interests, and silences the opponents. The West, which supports democracy even in other countries, has had to struggle with rising authoritarianism within itself. In this study, the rising authoritarianism in Europe and the position of the EU is examined. The study deals with the issue of authoritarianism in Hungary after evaluating the literature on authoritarianism. In the present study, which includes some comparisons with Turkey, a case study has been carried out. It has been conducted through document analysis method, taking into account the reports published by the Venice Commission and Council of Europe. As a result, it is emphasized how the EU remains weak in preventing authoritarianism and that authoritarianism can be not only in nonWestern countries but also in the West

Accession to the European Union (EU) has been one of the most crucial topics of the Turkish foreign policy. This topic, albeit sometimes not having a priority, always remained as a current issue and played a determinant role in Turkey's objective of Westernization. Within this process, parallel to the success that the accession would bring, it became more ascendant in current politics. It acted as the sword of Damocles as a determinant either for the election victories or as a trouble-maker on the head of the parties. The foundation of the Turkey-EU relations was first laid by the Democrat Party in July 31st, 1959 and these relations began to get deepen by the time the Motherland Party (ANAP) came into power in the 1980's. This study aims to determine the reasons that led Turkey to apply for the EU membership, the place of the relations with the Europen Economic Community (EEC) on Turkish foreign policy and the repercussions of this application in the public opinion. Therefore it is going to be given a general overview on the early years of those relations. In the citations taken from the newspapers of the period the expression common market is used for defining Turkey's counterpart while the author himself rather prefers to use the EEC, the predecessor of the EU.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

ÖZET1963 Ankara Anlasması ile kararlastırılan, 1973 Katma Protokol'le ayrıntıları belirlenen ve1 Ocak 1996 itibariyle Türkiye ile Avrupa Birligi arasında tam olarak uygulamaya girenGümrük Birligi, Türkiye ekonomisine sekil veren önemli bir faktördür. Bu nedenledir kiözellikle Türk kamuoyunda yogun olarak tartısılmaktadır. Çalısmanın temel amacı buelestirilerin dayandırıldıkları temellere göre kategorizasyonu ve degerlendirilmesidir. Sonuçolarak, Gümrük Birligi'ne yöneltilen elestirilerin ekonomik entegrasyona degil, ekonomikentegrasyonun modeli üzerine yogunlastıgı söylenebilir. Baska bir deyisle, AB ile Türkiyearasında gerçeklesecek bir ekonomik birlik, Türkiye ekonomisi için serbest ticaretten sonraen iyi seçenek olarak kabul görmektedir denebilir. Elestiriler dört ana kategoride toplanmıstır._lk kategoriyi Gümrük Birligi'nin dayandıgı temel üzerine yapılan elestiriler olustururken,ikinci kategoriyi Gümrük Birligi'nin amacı üzerine yapılan elestiriler olusturur. Üçüncü vedördüncü kategoriler ise sırasıyla Gümrük Birligi'nin Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine etkileri ileGümrük Birligi'nin isleyisinden kaynaklı aksaklıklar olusmaktadır. ABSTRACTThe Customs Union was determined by 1963 Ankara Agreement, detailed by 1973 AdditionalProtocol and became effective in 1996 between Turkey an the EC. Since it is one of majorfactors which effect Turkish economy, it has been very criticized in Turkey. The aim of thestudy is to make a categorization and evaluation of these critics. Although, there have beenmany arguments about this issue in Turkey, most of them have not criticize the direction. Thecritics are not generally concentrated on the concept of economic integration itself, but of itsmodelling. In other words, it can be said that there is a general consensus that Turkey'seconomic integration with the EU is the most rational option. There are four basic categoriesregarding the essence of critics about the current CU in Turkey. The first one is critics on thesource of the CU between Turkey and the EU. The second category is constituted by thecritics on the aim of the CU. The third category of the critics on the CU are classifiedaccording to possible effects of the CU on an economy. The fourth category of the critics onthe CU is about the functioning of it.

Bu tezde Avrupa Birliginin genisleme sürecinde azınlıklar konusunda üstlendigi misyon tartısılmıstır. Bu çerçevede örnek ülkeler olarak Bulgaristan ve Romanya ele alınmıstır. Her iki ülkenin de azınlıklarının durumları Avrupa Birligi'ne adaylıgın getirdigi yeni solukla hız kazanmıstır. Bu çerçevede Avrupa Birligi'ne aday ülkelerin ?Demokratiklesme? ve ?Avrupalılasma? ikiz süreçlerinde normların, kuralların ve kurumların nasıl degistigi devlet, kimlik ve güvenlik iliskisi baglamında irdelenmistir. Sonuç olarak Avrupa Birligi'ne adaylıgın, aday ülkelerdeki azınlıklar üzerindeki etkisi yadsınamaz biçimde ortadadır. Bu etki Romanya ve Bulgaristan incelenerek, ilerleme raporları bazında ve karsılastırmalı olarak ele alınmıstır. ; In this thesis European Union?s mision on minorities has been discussed during the enlargement process. In this regard, Romania and Bulgaria are chosen as case studies. In these countries situation of minorities gained its peak after their applications for the full membership to European Union. The frame of ?Democratization? and ?Europeanisation? co-proceses of the candidate countries in respect of how norms, rules and institutions change in the context of state, identity and security relations are examined. Finally, it has been stated that being a candidate for EU membership has a great impact on the minorities living in these countries. Regular reports on Romania and Bulgaria?s Progress towards accesion have been analyzed and compared between two countries.

An overview of the tax regimes in the EU confirms that EU countries apply quite similar tax systems, while only the VAT and the excise duties have been harmonised at EU level (by fixing the minimal tax rate, the base, etc.). However, tax harmonisation itself is understood as a centrally applied tax base across the EU and a procedure of unifying tax rates and the rules of tax payment. The EU acknowledges that different rules of calculating the corporate tax has hold over the movement of capital. Capital movement, which is determined by tax rules, is not considered to be "free," and distribution of resources, conditioned by such capital movement, is not viewed as being effective. It is maintained that different tax rules inhibit an effective distribution of resources or the way they would distribute in line with differences in productivity when "other circumstances," i.e. taxes, were equal. Admittedly, in the case of the corporate tax, harmonisation has not been very wide, except the enacted harmonisation of mergers, the tax base of parent companies, and interest and royalty payments. (Directive 90/434/EEC on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, supplemented by Directive 90/435/EEB on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States, and Directive 2005/19/EK partially replacing Directive 90/434/EEC on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, as well as Directive 2003/49/EB on a common system of taxation applicable to interest and royalty payments). All these documents are expatiated in this paper. More over, the case-law of the Court of Justice is discussed to reveal the problems and the lack of regulation in direct taxes in European Union.

An overview of the tax regimes in the EU confirms that EU countries apply quite similar tax systems, while only the VAT and the excise duties have been harmonised at EU level (by fixing the minimal tax rate, the base, etc.). However, tax harmonisation itself is understood as a centrally applied tax base across the EU and a procedure of unifying tax rates and the rules of tax payment. The EU acknowledges that different rules of calculating the corporate tax has hold over the movement of capital. Capital movement, which is determined by tax rules, is not considered to be "free," and distribution of resources, conditioned by such capital movement, is not viewed as being effective. It is maintained that different tax rules inhibit an effective distribution of resources or the way they would distribute in line with differences in productivity when "other circumstances," i.e. taxes, were equal. Admittedly, in the case of the corporate tax, harmonisation has not been very wide, except the enacted harmonisation of mergers, the tax base of parent companies, and interest and royalty payments. (Directive 90/434/EEC on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, supplemented by Directive 90/435/EEB on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States, and Directive 2005/19/EK partially replacing Directive 90/434/EEC on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States, as well as Directive 2003/49/EB on a common system of taxation applicable to interest and royalty payments). All these documents are expatiated in this paper. More over, the case-law of the Court of Justice is discussed to reveal the problems and the lack of regulation in direct taxes in European Union.