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بررسی تعهدات زیستمحیطی دولتها در خصوص محصولات تراریخته در پرتو اصول حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست، اتحادیه اروپا و ایران ; The Studying of Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran
زمینه و هدف: کمبود مواد غذایی، تغییرات اقلیمی و دیگر عوامل سبب شده تا تولید گیاهان تغییر شکلیافته ژنتیکی (محصولات تراریخته) از دهه 90 میلادی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. تولید این گیاهان همانگونه که موجب امیدواری در رفع گرسنگی بود، به دلیل تأثیر احتمالی بر محیط زیست موج نگرانی را نیز برانگیخت. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی تعهدات زیستمحیطی دولتها در حوزه محصولات تراریخته در پرتو اصول حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست، اتحادیه اروپا و ایران است. مواد و روشها: نوشتار حاضر به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ابتدا اصول پیشگفته حاکم در حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست را بررسی میکند تا دریابد تعهدات زیستمحیطی دولتها درباره محصولات تراریخته از نظر اصول حقوق بینالملل چگونه است و سپس رویکرد اختصاصی اتحادیه اروپا را بررسی و تطبیق داده و بالاخره گذرا این وضعیت را در ایران مرور میکند. یافتهها: اتحادیه اروپا برخلاف ایالات متحده دیدگاهی احتیاطآمیز توأم با سختگیری در حمایت از مصرفکننده و محیط زیست پیش گرفته که ریشه در اصول کلی حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست دارد. اصولی مانند توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاعرسانی که به جمع رعایت مصالح دولتها در دستیابی به توسعه و پیشرفت و حفظ محیط زیست میانجامد، در حالی که در ایران از سویی قوانین حمایتی از محیط زیست به صورت کارآمد تصویب نشده است و یا اینکه در برخی موارد محیط زیست و حمایت از آن مغفول مانده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری، رعایت شده است. نتیجهگیری: نتایج این جستار نشان میدهد که دولتها در خصوص محصولات تراریخته متعهد به رعایت اصول کلی یا عرفی توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاعرسانی بوده و رعایت اصول مزبور بهترین راهکار جهت صیانت از حقوق مصرفکننده و حمایت از محیط زیست است. ; Background and Aim: Food scarcity, climate change and other factors have led to the production of genetically modified crops (transgenic crops) since the 1990s. The production of these plants, as they had hoped to eliminate hunger, also raised concerns about the potential impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Materials and Methods: The present paper is descriptive-analytical paper and firstly examines the aforementioned principles of international environmental law in order to understand what is the environmental commitment and obligation of governments in the process of cultivation and supply for transgenic products from the perspective of international law. Then, it examines and applies the EU-specific approach and finally reviews this situation in Iran. Findings: The European Union, unlike United States, has taken a cautious approach to consumer and environmental protection. This approach is rooted in the general principles of international environmental law. Principles such as sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification that bring together the interests of governments in achieving development, improvement and environmental protection, while in Iran,It has not been enacted environmental laws effectively on the GMO or in some cases the environment and its protection have been neglected. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: The results show that governments are committed to adhering to the general or customary principles of sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification in the process of cultivating and supplying for Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), and adhering to these principles is the best way to safeguard consumer rights. Cite this article as: Pouresmaeili A, keykhosravi M, Vaezi Kakhki MR. The Studying of Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Bioethics Journal 2020; 10(35): e16.
BASE
Ǧunbiš-i āzādī-i baḫš-i Īrītra wa taḥauwulāt-i Ḥabaša
In: Intišārāt-i maǧmūa-i karāma 6
In: Šumāra-i maḫṣūṣ
Introduction to the iranian legal system and the protection of human rights in Iran
In the context of the Human Rights Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Bristih Institute of International and Comparative Law undertook a project on "Human Rights in International Law and Iran". One of the outputs of this project is the publication of the present book, designed as a practical guide and reference book for foreign jurists and human rights defenders ... (Quelle: Text Verlagseinband / Verlag)
World Affairs Online
Ḫāna-i dāʾī Yūsuf: waqāʾiʿ-i takāndahanda az muhāǧarat-i fidāʾiyān-i akṯarīyat bi šūrawī
In: Silsila-i intišārāt-i Našr-i Qaṭra 313
In: ʿUlūm-i iǧtimāʿī 36
Mot økt folkelig innflytelse? Desentralisering og lokaldemokrati i Ukraina ; Towards greater popular participation? Decentralization and local democracy in Ukraine
The article analyses the results of a nationally representative survey on local democracy conducted in Ukraine in the autumn of 2017, offering insights into attitudes towards local authorities and ongoing decentralization reforms, as well as participation in local politics. The survey shows that people have very low trust in the authorities, but more trust in them than in national institutions. Respondents feel that they have little influence on local politics and that local authorities do not take their opinion into account. On the other hand, the majority report being active in various forms of local political activity. Further, there is considerable support of decentralization reforms; people have already noted certain local improvements since the decentralization reform was launched in 2015. Differences among the several geographical regions of Ukraine are small. Survey findings are explained through three analytical frameworks that emphasize the historical heritage, important economic and political conditions, and structural adjustment to European institutions. ; Artikkelen er skrevet med finansiering fra det norske Utenriksdepartementet (prosjekt UKR-14/0013) og Norges Forskningsråd (NORRUSS Pluss-programmet, prosjektnr. 287620). Norges forskningsråd 287620 Utenriksdepartementet UKR-14/0013 ; publishedVersion
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