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Ombudsman, unlike the court, cannot make binding decisions, but usually public authorities follow its recommendations, otherwise he may bring the case to the attention of politicians and the public by informing Parliament. The link between the two fundamental European institutions, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Ombudsman, may be defined as a strong direct link between the problems of EU citizens. Requests to each institution represent an interest of each petitioner, which is intended to be solved by matching laws with moral rules and general principles of law.

La tesi di dottorato "Unione Europea e Sanità" è uno studio sistematico del diritto alla salute e della protezione della sanità pubblica nell'ordinamento giuridico dell'Unione Europea. Il primo capitolo analizza le competenze sanitarie dell'Unione Europea, introdotte per la prima volta dal Trattato di Maastricht e definitivamente sistemate all'art. 168 TFUE. La norma identifica alcuni settori specifici nei quali l'Unione può agire e altri, quali l'organizzazione dei sistemi sanitari e la fornitura di cure mediche, che rimangono in capo agli Stati membri. Il secondo capitolo esamina le deroghe e le esigenze imperative connesse alla salvaguardia della salute nel mercato interno ed è suddiviso in tre sezioni dedicate alla libera circolazione delle merci, al diritto di stabilimento e alla libera prestazione dei servizi. Nella prima ci si è occupati dello sviluppo della legislazione farmaceutica. Nella seconda si sono analizzati il mutuo riconoscimento delle qualifiche professionali e le legislazioni statali che restringono il diritto di stabilimento degli operatori sanitari transfrontalieri. Nella terza si è rivolta l'attenzione alla mobilità dei pazienti che, attraverso la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia, è stata trasfusa in un atto di diritto derivato. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sul ruolo del diritto alla salute nell'ordinamento giuridico dell'Unione Europea in considerazione del valore vincolante della Carta dei diritti fondamentali. Coerentemente, si è scelto di mantenere una struttura tripartita. Nella prima sezione, ci si interroga sull'esistenza di tale diritto alla luce dei pochi casi presenti. Nella seconda, lo si analizza per il tramite delle obbligazioni di proteggere, rispettare ed adempiere, enucleate attraverso alcuni strumenti internazionali e si verifica il ruolo del principio di non discriminazione in relazione all'accesso alle cure. Nella terza, infine, si verifica il ruolo del consenso informato rispetto alla sperimentazione clinica ed alla donazione di materiale biologico. ; The thesis aims at analysing the right to health and its protection in the legal order of the European Union. The first chapter assesses EU's health competences, introduced for the first time by the Maastricht Treaty and now codified into art. 168 TFEU. It identifies some specific sectors in which the EU can act and others, as the organisation of national health systems, that remain on the scope of domestic legislation. The second chapter examines health related derogations and mandatory requirements concerning the free moment of goods, the right of establishment and the freedom to provide services. For this reason it is divided into three sections. The first is devoted to pharmaceutical products. The second analyses the mutual recognition of medical qualifications and the domestic hindrance to the establishment of health operators. The third concerns patients' mobility and how the case law of the Court of Justice has been transposed in a piece of secondary legislation. Taking into consideration the binding value of the Charter of fundamental rights, the third chapter focuses on the role of the right to health in EU law. The structure is thus consistently threefold. The first section, in the light of the few cases so far appeared, questions the existence of the right to health. In the second one, it is analysed using some international conventions in order to assess the impact of the obligations to protect, to respect and to fulfil and, eventually, the link between the principle of non-discrimination vis-á-vis the access to healthcare. The last section examines the right to informed consent in clinical trials and the donation of biological materials.

The article is an analysis of European Union legislation on conservation and protection of biodiversity. It emphasizes the achievements of the activity of the EU in this area, mainly the establishment of the Natura 2000 Network, examining the obligations of the Member States that are stipulated in the Birds and Habitats Directives. It points out to the integration of biodiversity protection in other fields of EU sectoral policies as well.

This handbook is the result of three years of teaching European Union Transport Law to the law students of the University of Roma Tre.The course falls within the "Studying Law at Roma Tre" programme, which includes 14 classes entirely taught in English.Following these lines the handbook is divided into three modules, reflecting areas where the intervention of EU law has been most significant: air transport, rail transport, and passengers' rights. To each module we have annexed the most relevant judgments and decisions by the EU Courts and Commission which we found particularly useful to illustrate, from a practical point of view, the policies underlying EU transport law and the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders.Obviously there are other aspects which are touched by EU law, especially in the field of movement of goods, port infrastructures, and road safety, but we have preferred to focus, at least in this first edition, on the three aforementioned aspects.We hope that this primer – which is made available by Roma TrE-press to the whole European academic community on a freely accessible basis – will contribute to the development of the subject as a course offered to students who are and increasingly will be the main beneficiaries of the growing transport networks in the EU.

Si presentano qui una selezione e un breve commento dei principali documenti europei e internazionali relativi al patrimonio culturale usciti fra il 2014 e il 2019. A selection and a brief commentary on the main European and international documents on cultural heritage published between 2014 and 2019 are presented here.

C'è molta discriminazione di genere nella società, che è suddiviso in diverse categorie come il divario salariale di genere, la differenza salariale e il divario retributivo di genere. La società genera molti stereotipi nella forza lavoro tra uomini e donne, razza, religione e così via, infatti,la ricchezza è la chiave per poter conoscere la quantità di disuguaglianza retributiva di genere, che ha un impatto psicologico e sociologico sulla vita delle persone. In questo ambito, spiegherò cos'è la teoria dei salari e le sue forme, e parlerò di come il divario retributivo di genere esista ancora nel mondo di oggi illustrando le cause e tipi di disuguaglianza di genere nell'Unione europea e nel mondo in generale.

The criminal treatment of juveniles in the European Union was regulated in earlier times and has evolved by national legislation of Member States, international treaties, documents of the Council of Europe, as well as by European Union Treaties, European Parliament Resolutions and Press Releases of the European Commission. The regulatory divergence of criminal treatment of juveniles in EU countries implies the need to elaborate certain minimum rules to prevent and to combat juvenile delinquency, oriented to education of minors and their punishment.

This handbook is the result of four years of teaching European Union Transport Law to the law students of the University of Roma Tre.The handbook is divided into four modules, reflecting areas where the intervention of EU law has been most significant: air transport, rail transport, port services and passengers' rights.With the evolution of transport regulation in the EU in these last years and thanks to the success of the first edition (over 2000 downloads in 18 months), we have considered it useful to expand the topics presented in this primer. In particular we have added in this second edition a specific module on the painstaking process of opening port services to competition. Furthermore a paragraph has been added on the Single European Sky (SES) programme. The second part of the handbook includes the most relevant judgments and decisions by the EU Courts and Commission which we found particularly useful to illustrate, from a practical point of view, the policies underlying EU transport law and the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders.