The growing human population inevitably entails various challenges associated with the deteriorating ecological situation, decline in public health, depletion of natural resources, increasing the cost of non-renewable energy sources, and food supply problems. Solutions are found via new pharmacological and medical preparations and technologies, food and feed additives and alternative energy sources. The paper briefly overviews the current biotechnologies of using microalgae in the food industry, agriculture and aquaculture, medicine and power production, describes the related technological and economic problems and their practical solutions implemented in the EU countries. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE
Maintaining a certain level of biodiversity is essential to preserve ecosystemic functions. Conservation of biodiversity is a matter of great importance for the well-being of ecosystems and humans dependent on them. 130 world leaders committed to significantly reduce biodiversity loss before 2010 during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. This goal is supported and prioritized by a number of significant policy documents among which are Strategy for Sustainable Development endorsed by EU leaders in Gothenburg in 2001, The Sixth Environment Action Programme and Lisbon Strategy. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии
The article evaluates the reasons behind the surge of interest in memory politics in EU countries in the last decade. The author analyses the current memory studies agenda, the mechanisms and instruments proposed for use at EU level to promote a common European identity, and the practices of representing a shared European past in public spaces that have emerged over the last few years (such as the permanent exhibition of House of European History in Brussels). The evaluation of new priorities on the memory politics agenda can help shed light on the difficulties and threats to further promote European solidarity based on a common memory, especially having in mind the drastic consequences of the 2020 pandemic crisis. One can foresee the advancement of national and regional models of memory politics to the frontline of identity politics in Europe. The research is based on the analysis of discourses reflecting the changing memory politics agenda aimed at consolidating a common European space where Russia is considered as the alien Other. Empirical data was collected by the author during her visits to European museums and memory sites representing the history and the current state of the European integration project. This was complemented by the analysis of digital library and archive resources and expert reports dedicated to memory politics and identity policies in the EU. ; Анализируются причины актуализации и исследовательская повестка дня политики памяти в странах Евросоюза. Рассматриваются механизмы и инструменты политики памяти, которые используются на уровне ЕС для формирования европейской идентичности, возможные перспективные формы и новые практики репрезентации общего прошлого в публичном пространстве (такие как музейная экспозиция Дома европейской истории в Брюсселе). Выявлены новые приоритеты политики памяти и дана оценка трудностей и системных препятствий, которые встают на пути укрепления европейской солидарности и идентичности в условиях острейшего кризиса 2020 г., связанного с распространением пандемии. Обоснован вывод о выдвижении национальных и региональных моделей политики памяти на передний край политики идентичности в странах ЕС. Исследование построено на анализе дискурсов, отражающих меняющуюся повестку дня и практики реализации политики памяти, направленной на поддержание общего европейского политического пространства, в том числе на использование образа России как чуждого Другого. Эмпирические данные собраны и обобщены автором по итогам изучения новых выставочных пространств и мест памяти, представляющих историю и современное состояние европейского интеграционного проекта, а также анализа контента цифровых платформ и экспертных аналитических материалов, посвященных реализации культурных и образовательных проектов под эгидой ЕС.
Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Данная статья посвящена характеристике моделей экономической интеграции и их эффективности в зависимости от экономических, институциональных и политических условий. Рассматриваются понятия формальных и неформальных моделей экономической интеграции, внутренней и транснациональной интеграции, характеризуются состояние и перспективы формальной модели интеграции Европейского союза, влияния интеграционных процессов расширения и углубления интеграции на экономическое развитие стран — членов Сообщества. = This article is dedicated to the models of economic integration and their efficiency, depending on the economic, institutional and political conditions. The concepts of formal and informal models of economic integration, internal and transnational integration are considered, the state and prospects of a formal integration model of the European Union are characterized, as well as the impact of the integration processes of expanding and deepening integration on the economic development of the member states of the Union.
The authors discuss the natural water quality management aimed at meeting the needs of the Russian population in drinking water of the European quality standard. Water is the basis for human body functioning. The paper considers the EU experience of continuous, guaranteed clean water supply. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE.
The handbook contains teaching materials for the courses developed by Nizhnevartovsk State University's teaching staff within the framework of Jean Monnet Modules implementation. The projects were supported in 2016. International scientific and educational activity is one of the most important indicators of higher educational institutions effective work in Russia. The necessary scientific and educational basis for international grant implementation projects has been created in Nizhnevartovsk State University (NVSU). Following the results of the 2nd Erasmus+ competition within the framework of Jean Monnet Activities, scientific and methodical seminar was held, at which teaching materials' presentations of supported Jean Monnet Module projects were submitted: - The European Union Social Policy. Academic coordinator: Lala Yakubova. - Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union. Academic coordinator: Denis Pogonishev, Irina Pogonisheva. The courses are implemented with the financial support of the European Commission in the framework of supported Jean Monnet Modules: The European Union Social Policy, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE and Interaction of environment and human health: Experience of the European Union, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. The content of this material reflects the authors' opinion; the European Commission is not responsible for the use of the information contained therein. Курсы осуществляются при финансовой поддержке Европейской комиссии в рамках поддерживаемых модулей Жана Монне: Социальная политика Европейского союза, 574865-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE и Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека: Опыт Европейского Союза, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE. Работа программа для курса « Окружающая среда и здоровье человека: опыт ЕС » разработана в рамках модуля Жана Моне « Взаимодействие окружающей среды и здоровья человека : Опыт Европейского Союза », 574826- EPP -1-2016-1- RU - EPPJMO - МОДУЛЬ . Этот курс является частью учебных ...
The water consumed by humans should have no negative impact on their health. In 1998, the European Council adopted Directive 98/83/EC of3 November 3, 1998, on the quality of water intended for human consumption, aimed at protecting public health. The directive considers the standards for drinking water and the conditions for providing the EU population with clean and healthy water. Clean drinking water supply is inextricably related to the state of surface water. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union, which entered into force on December 22, 2000, addresses the issues of establishing a framework for protecting all waters (inland surface water, transitional, coastal and groundwater). This EU Directive considers both chemical aspects of water protection, and also its environmental aspects, such as flow regime, composition and abundance of aquatic organisms. EU countries pay much attention to surface water monitoring and related studies. Surface water monitoring requirements are different in different EU countries and may even vary within one country. Considerable monitoring efforts were made as part of Eurowaternet, or Eionet. For transboundary waters, a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe manual was issued. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации
This work analyzes the European algological studies assessing the state of surface waters and considers the effect algae make on human life and health. Most EU countries use surface water assessment techniques based on macrophytes and phytobenthos. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE
Ключевые слова: европейский союз, стратегическое партнерство, КНР, США, отношения с Россией и Беларусью, Единое экономическое пространство. = Key words: The European Union, a strategic partnership, China, the United States, relations with Russia and Belarus, Common Economic Space. ; В статье рассматриваются основные векторы «стратегического партнерства» Европейского союза. Особый акцент автор делает на выстраивании долгосрочных взаимовыгодных связей Евросоюза с КНР, не обходя при этом вниманием отношения с Россией и рожающимся Евразийским экономическим союзом. = The paper examines the main vectors of the «strategic partnership» of the European Union. The author makes particular emphasis on building long-term mutually beneficial relations between the EU and China, thus throws the spotlight on relations with Russia and Eurasian Economic Union.
В статье проанализирован процесс формирования институциональной структуры Европейского союза, раскрыт механизм функционирования ЕС как самостоятельного субъекта международных отношений, исследованы функции и полномочия институтов и основных органов ЕС. Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с подписанием Конституции ЕС, выявлены принципиальные нововведения, предлагавшиеся данным документом и причины провала его ратификации. Автором проведен анализ Договора о реформе Европейского союза (Лиссабонского договора), который призван заменить собой нератифицированную Конституцию ЕС и способствовать выходу Европейского союза из институционального кризиса. = The process of the formation of institutional structure of the European Union is analysed, the mechanism of the EU functioning as an independent actor of international relations is revealed, the functions and powers of the EU institutions and main bodies are investigated in the article. Questions related to signing of the EU Constitution are considered, principal innovations of the document and the reasons for the failure of its ratifi cation are identifi ed. The author analyses the EU Reform treaty (Lisbon treaty), which aims at substituting the unratifi ed EU Constitution and contributing to the EU coming out of institutional crisis.
Раздел "АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПУБЛИЧНОГО ПРАВА" ; В статье сделана попытка раскрыть правовую природу европейской системы права. Проводится анализ источников права Европейского союза. Отдельное внимание уделяется их статусу. Рассматриваются изменения имеющейся правовой системы после вступления в силу Лиссабонского договора 2007 г. = In the article an attempt to reveal the legal nature of European legal system is made. The author analyses the European Union law sources. Special attention is paid to their status. The changes of current legal system after the entrance into force the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 are examined.
Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международные организации" ; The European Union experience of the legal regulation of franchising presents particular interest for academic research, and could be applied in practice in the Republic of Belarus. At the EU level the optimal way of the franchise legal regulation was established. The European law provides a general framework of the franchise contracts evaluation in the light of the EC competition law, and only fixes the list of contractual provisions that can not be included in the franchise agreements because of their severe threat to the competition on the relevant market. The author advocates that according to Belarusian legislation franchising is not a means of attracting foreign investments, but it should rather be regarded as a way of attracting national investments. Franchise agreements by their nature will always lead to the restrictions of the competition, and as such can be challenged on the basis of the competition law violation. The problem of the potential breach of the competition law provisions by the franchise contracts shall be taken into account by the Belarusian legislator.
Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; Рассматриваются взаимоотношения между Республикой Беларусь и Европейским союзом, автором выделяются этапы, характеризуются их особенности и проблемные поля. Анализируются действующие инструменты и инициативы ЕС в отношении Беларуси. Подчеркивается значимость реализации идеи «интеграции интеграций», а именно непротивопоставления членства Беларуси в Евразийском экономическом союзе (ЕАЭС), Союзном государстве Беларуси и России развитию сотрудничества с Европейским союзом. = Relations between Belarus and the European Union are considered in the article, the author distinguishes the stages of relations, their peculiarities and problem fields are characterized. The author analyzes the existing EU instruments and initiatives in relation to Belarus. The importance of implementing the idea of «integration of integrations», namely non-opposing of Belarus'membership in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Union State of Belarus and Russia to cooperation with the European Union is emphasized
The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.
The study of problems that are associated with the realization of human rights and freedoms is always relevant since their implementation affects the immediate vital interests of the individual. A special role is played by ensuring human rights and freedoms, mechanisms and procedures for their protection, that is corresponding positive and negative obligations of the state. We believe that civil and political rights of a person, usually characterized as negative rights, cannot be ensured only by negative obligations of the state. To ensure them, States still need to assume corresponding positive obligations, the proper fulfillment of which directly affects the effectiveness of ensuring guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this regard the study of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights is relevant. The object of the master's work is public relations that arise in connection with the implementation of positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of European Union law. The purpose of the master's work is to analyze the peculiarities of the positive obligations of the states of the European Union in the field of ensuring political and civil rights at the international level and the level of the European Union law. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to analyze the sources of the main political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union; 2) to characterize the system and content of basic political and civil rights; 3) to give a definition and to consider the ratio of positive and negative obligations of states; 4) to give a definition and to characterize the scope of application of the positive obligations of a state in the field of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens under the European Convention; 5) to analyze the problem of ensuring the political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union and their judicial protection; 6) to determine the responsibility of states for violation of obligations in the field of human rights protection in European law. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the system method and other methods of cognition. The sources of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union have been established. Among them there are the documents adopted before the creation of the European Union and the documents of the European Union. The problem of the implementation of modern legal standards in the field of human rights has been revealed. The system and content of the basic political and civil rights of citizens of the European Union are considered. The ratio of positive and negative obligations of states is considered. It has been revealed that not only negative, but also positive obligations of states are required to ensure negative rights. The specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights are considered, the examples are supported by judicial practice. It has been revealed that the state has a triad of obligations in the field of human rights: obligations to respect, obligations to provide and obligations to protect. The principle of the responsibility to protect includes the following obligations: the obligation to prevent; the obligation to respond; the obligation to recover. Some scholars add the obligation to punish the guilty. It has been established that the responsibility of a state for harsh and massive violations of human rights arises before the international community as a whole. On this basis all states can demand the cessation of these violations and the provision of appropriate compensation to their victims making appropriate claims against the violating state. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a complex scientific work, in which a theoretical study of the relationship between positive and negative obligations of states is carried out, as well as specific positive obligations of states to ensure civil and political rights. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.
