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Este artícfulo reseña: Douglas Webber, European disintegration? The Politics of Crisis in the European Union. London. Red Globe Press, 2019, 278 pp.

European integration theory.Antje Wiener y Thomas Diez (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004.The member states of the European Union.Simon Bulmer y Christian Lequesne (eds.). Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. 2005.The politics of Europeanization.Kevin Featherstone y Claudio Radaelli (eds.). Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. 2003.Policy-making in the European Union.Helen Wallace, William Wallace y Mark Pollack (eds.). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press. 2005.

Actualmente esta en crisis la esencia de la integración europea, que es la idea de proceso abierto y continuo, en lo económico, en lo político. Reiniciar el debate sobre el modelo político de la integración y sus modos democráticos de articulación es recuperar también el impulso esencial y el relato del proyecto europeo. Se propone plantear explícitamente un nuevo modelo de legitimidad para Europa, mediante un Pacto Confederal entre Estados y ciudadanos. ; The essence of European integration, which is the idea of an open and continuous process, is currently in crisis, economically and politically. To revive the debate on the political model of integration and its democratic modes of articulation is also to recover the essential impulse and the narrative of the European project. It is proposed to explicitly propose a new model of legitimacy for Europe, through a Confederal Pact between States and citizens.

Son yıllarda küreselleşmenin etkisiyle, dünya ekonomisi gelişme göstermektedir. Dünya ekonomisindeki bu gelişmeye paralel olarak, insanların yaşam şekilleri değişmeye başlamış buda enerjiye olan talebi küresel ölçekte arttırmıştır. Dünya, tükettiği enerjinin önemli bir kısmını fosil kaynaklardan sağlamakta olup, bu tür kaynaklar dünyanın belirli bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Fosil kaynakların sınırlı ve sonlu olması, dünya ekonomilerinin bu kaynaklara ulaşma ve egemen olma mücadelesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'nin enerji politikaları incelenmiştir. İthal kaynaklara bağımlılığı yüksek olan iki ekonominin, enerji arz güvenliği bağlamında karşılıklı menfaatleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden sonra dünyanın ikinci büyük enerji tüketimi olan AB ile dünyanın en önemli enerji rezervlerinin olduğu Ortadoğu ve Hazar Bölgesi arasında kalan Türkiye'nin, enerji koridoru olarak Avrupa Birliği'nin enerji arz güvenliğine etkileri incelenmiştir. ; The world economy has grown significantly with the impact of the globalization. In parallel with this development in the world economy, peoples life styles have started to change and hence this increased demand for energy on global scale. The world gets the most significant part of the energy it consumes from fossil energy resources and this kind of resources are concentrated in some specific regions of the world. The fact that fossil energy resources are scarce and problematic creates the struggle between world economies to reach these resources and to be hegemonic on these resources. In this study, energy policies of European Union and Republic of Turkey have been analyzed. Conjugate interests of these two economies that are highly dependent on imported resources have been studied within the context of safety of energy supply. As an energy corridor, which remains between E.U. that is the second energy consumer after United States of America, and Middle East and Caspian Sea that have the most important part of the energy reserves, impacts of Republic of Turkey on the safety of energy supply to European Union has been studied.

İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda, eğitim ve onun yükselen değerleriyle yeni bir inşa dönemi başlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği, bu sürece kayıtsız kalamamış; Birlik olmanın getirdiği öncelikler olan sanayi, ticari, politik, güvenlik ve temel haklar konularında başladığı bütünleşme çabalarına eğitimle devam etmiştir. Eğitim başlığı, Birlik için önemli bir konudur. Birliğin gelişimi incelendiğinde eğitimin özellikle ekonomi politikalarıyla ilintisi dikkat çekmektedir. AT aşamasında mevcut ekonomik koşullar Topluluğun ilgisini ekonomik gelişmeye ve kalkınmaya ve diğer bazı alanlara çekmiştir. Bu ilginin Birliğin elli yılına mal olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyoekonomik gelişmelerle beraber gelişen Birlik özellikle seksenli yılların başlangıcıyla beraber eğitim politikalarına oldukça önem vermeye başlamış; iki binli yıllarla beraber politikaların ve programların meyvelerini toplamaya başlamıştır. Bu sonuçlar ise ?Avrupalılaşma? ve bir ?Avrupa Kültürü? inşa etme çabalarında Birliğin aldığı yolu en açık bir biçimde göstermektedir. ; In our century, with education and its upgrade values, a new construction period has begun. European Union has not been indifferent to this process; it has kept on the integration efforts in the areas of industry, commerce, politics, security and fundamental rights, which are the priorities coming with being a union, with education. The title of ?Education? is an important issue for Union. When looked at the progress of Union, it calls attention the relation of education with especially economy politics. At the time of European Community, the present economic conditions have attracted Community?s attention to economical progress and development and some other areas. It is thought that this attention has cost fifty years for Union. Union that develops together with socio?economic progression has attached importance considerably to education politics with especially the beginning of 1980s; together with 2000s, it has begun to take the results of politics and programs. As for these results show clearly the distance that Union gains in the efforts of constructing ?European Culture? and in ?Europeanization?.

SUMARIO / SUMMARY 1.- Editorial Geografía y discurso. Geography and talk. Trinca Fighera, Delfina 2.- Artículos / Papers Regímenes climáticos del altiplano sur de Bolivia: una región afectada por la desertificación. Climatic regimes of the Bolivian Southern High Plateau: A region affected by desertification. Andressen L., Rigoberto; Monasterio, Maximina y Terceros, Luis F. Propuesta para la evaluación ambiental estratégica de zonas especiales de desarrollo sustentable (ZEDES). Cuenca del río Unare, estados Anzoátegui y Guárico-Venezuela. Proposal for strategic environmental assessment of special zones for sustainable development (ZEDES). Case study: Unare river Basin, Anzoátegui and Guárico States-Venezuela. Sebastián, Mirady; Moreno, Meimalin; Soto, Alejandra; Aguirre, Ernesto; Camacho, Luis; Medina, Radharani; Yrazo, Ana y Zamora, Alejandra Análisis geomorfológico de la microcuenca El Guayabal, a propósito de la ocurrencia de las lluvias excepcionales de febrero de 2005. Cuenca del río Mocotíes, estado Mérida-Venezuela. Geomorphologic analysis of the unusual February 2005 rainfall tragedy: El Guayabal microwatershed, Mocotíes River watershed, Mérida State-Venezuela. Ayala O., Rubén I.; Páez, Gustavo y Araque, Fany Posibles cambios geográficos para la expansión de enfermedades metaxénicas en la región centro-norte de Venezuela. Possible geographic changes for the spread of metaxenics diseases in the northern-centre region in Venezuela. Sáez Sáez, Vidal y Martelo, María Teresa Conflictos de usos normativos y agroecológicos en un área fronteriza: sector El Nula, estado Apure-Venezuela. Conflicts of normative and agroecological uses in a border area: Apure State-Venezuela. Molina M., Gladys Zuleima y Rivas L., José L. 4.- Notas y Documentos / Notes and Documents Políticas laborales en la Unión Europea para los inmigrantes latinoamericanos. Labour politics in the European Union for Latin American immigrants. Sacristán Romero, Francisco Regulación ambiental y colonización agraria en reservas de bosque. El drama de Ticoporo, estado Barinas-Venezuela. Agrarian colonization and environmental regulations in forest reserves: Ticoporo drama, Barinas State-Venezuela. Rojas López, José Jesús 4.- Bibliografía Crítica / Books Review Cuervo, Luis Mauricio: globalización y territorio. Cuervo, Luis Mauricio: globalization and territory. Pulido, Nubis Miriam ; 117-127 ; fransacris@ozu.es ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

Spain and the European Union.Carlos Closa y Paul Heywood. Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2004.

The double purpose of this article is first to clarify the concept of citizenship as intended in the European Union and, second, to encourage society in our country -particularly the segment of society involved in education- to carry out a serious reflection on it, made in an objective manner and in a constructive focus, far away from stereotypes which support vested interests that could occasionally cause social divisions. ; La intención del presente artículo es clarificar el concepto de "ciudadanía" que se pretende en la Unión Europea, e invitar a una reflexión del conjunto social de nuestro país, y de la comunidad educativa, en particular, desde un enfoque objetivo y constructivo alejado de los estereotipos que propician intereses partidistas, en ocasiones, opuestos a la cohesión social.

This study analyzes the European Union politics about tourism, in order to continue as the world's number 1 tourist destination. The European Union actions aim at promoting the development of sustainable, responsible and high-quality tourism. Spain has introduced these principles in its legislation and also the landing and touristic plans apply them. ; Este estudio analiza las respuestas de la Unión Europea a la globalización, para que Europa continúe como el primer destino turístico del mundo. Las acciones de la Unión Europea persiguen promover el desarrollo de un turismo sostenible, responsable y de calidad. España incorporado estos principios a su normativa interna y los hace realidad por medio de la planificación territorial y turística.This study analyzes the European Union politics about tourism, in order to continue as the world's number 1 tourist destination. The European Union actions aim at promoting the development of sustainable, responsible and high-quality tourism. Spain has introduced these principles in its legislation and also the landing and touristic plans apply them.

The European Union is going through a difficult crisis phase. It is a crisis that affects material aspects such as its economy and finances and, very specifically, the economies and finances of some of its member states; but it is a crisis that affects also immaterial aspect such as its own identity and the future of its political project. Many are the solutions that have been proposed in order to overcome this difficult stage, but in most of the cases these are inadequate solutions since they are not adapted to the peculiar nature of the EU as a legal and political organization. Therefore, firstly, this article analyzes the nature of the EU as a political organization and the different theories that have been issued in this regard. Secondly, the present situation of the EU is analyzed, including a perspective on what it is doing in this regard, and thirdly, the solutions to overcome this critical situation which have been proposed so far are also analyzed. ; La Unión Europea atraviese por una etapa difícil de crisis. Crisis que afecta a aspectos materiales, como su economía, sus finanzas y, muy en particular, las economías y finanzas de algunos de sus Estados miembros; pero crisis que afecta también a aspectos inmateriales, como su propia identidad y el futuro de su proyecto político. Muchas son las soluciones que se aportan para tratar de superar esta difícil etapa, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos se trata de soluciones inadecuadas porque no se adaptan a la naturaleza peculiar de la UE como entidad jurídico-política. Así, este trabajo, analiza, en primer lugar la naturaleza de la UE como entidad jurídico-política y las diferentes teorías que se han producido al respecto. En segundo lugar se analiza la situación actual de la UE y lo que ella hace al respecto, y, en tercer lugar se analizan las posibles soluciones que se aportan para esta situación crítica.The European Union is going through a difficult crisis phase. It is a crisis that affects material aspects such as its economy and finances and, very specifically, the economies and finances of some of its member states; but it is a crisis that affects also immaterial aspect such as its own identity and the future of its political project. Many are the solutions that have been proposed in order to overcome this difficult stage, but in most of the cases these are inadequate solutions since they are not adapted to the peculiar nature of the EU as a legal and political organization. Therefore, firstly, this article analyzes the nature of the EU as a political organization and the different theories that have been issued in this regard. Secondly, the present situation of the EU is analyzed, including a perspective on what it is doing in this regard, and thirdly, the solutions to overcome this critical situation which have been proposed so far are also analyzed.