Suchergebnisse

Since the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty, the European Parliament wields the power of consent over international (trade) agreements, enabling it to threaten a veto. Due to the extensive financial and reputational costs associated with a veto, the European Commission (hereinafter Commission) was expected to read these threats effectively. However, the Commission's responses to such threats have varied greatly. Building on a fine-grained causal mechanism derived from information processing theory and an extensive process-tracing analysis of seven free trade agreements post-Lisbon, we explain why the Commission has responded differently to looming vetoes. Our analysis reveals that the variation in Commission responses derives from imperfections in its information-processing system, the 'early-warning system,' which had to be adapted to the new institutional equilibrium post-Lisbon. Because of this adaption process, factors exogenous to the parliamentary context ('externalities') as well as internal uncertainties ('internalities') add constant unpredictability to the Commission's reading of the European Parliament.

Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is an antineoplastic agent which combines a humanized monoclonal antibody binding to trophoblast cell surface antigen-2 (Trop-2)-expressing cancer cells, linked with cytotoxic moiety SN-38 (govitecan) with topoisomerase I inhibitor action. On 22 November 2021, a marketing authorization valid through the European Union (EU) was issued under the European Medicines Agency (EMA)'s accelerated assessment program for SG as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) who have received two or more prior systemic therapies, including at least one of them for advanced disease. The assessment was based on results from an open-label, randomized, phase III trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of SG versus treatment of physician's choice (TPC) in patients with mTNBC who received at least two prior treatments including at least one of them for advanced disease. The efficacy results in the overall population, based on mature data, showed a statistically significant improvement of SG over TPC in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The median PFS was 4.8 months versus 1.7 months [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.43, n = 529; 95% CI 0.35-0.54; P 30%) side effects of SG were diarrhea, neutropenia, nausea, fatigue, alopecia, anemia, constipation and vomiting. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the scientific review of the application leading to regulatory approval in the EU.

Discusses the decline of European social democracy, asserting that its demise has been sudden & unexpected & that it is very much on the ideological defensive. It is argued that social democracy faces a serious threat from the new left & is not treating growing left movements with proper respect. Wouter Bos from the Dutch Labor Party is viewed as one social democrat who acknowledges the threat to European social democracy. He sees globalization fostering social fragmentation & the divergence & clash of values & interests in Europe, which in turn makes it difficult for social democracy to flourish. This is seen as particularly manifest in the workplace. Bos's suggestion for how to confront this dilemma centers on a return to the fundamentals of social democracy, a refocus on the old issues of distribution & equality, worker protection, & social justice. However, social democrats that self-identified as progressive modernizers are seen as unlikely to accept such a message; problems with the center-left's modernization efforts are addressed in the areas of economics, the environment & climate change, & labor migration. Some cause for optimism is then found in the work of the European Trade Union Confederation. It is concluded that social democracy's survival hinges on its capacity for a sober review of how it can renew itself. Adapted from the source document.

Цель – проанализировать главные особенности работы Европейской Сети Школ Содействия Здоровью, действующих в Европейском Союзе и Украине. Результаты. Школьники – большая группа населения, требующая введения оздоровительного образования в современном ритме жизни. Примером такого образования являются школы Стран-участников Европейского Союза. Обращение к опыту формирования культуры здоровья школьников в Школах Содействия Здоровью в странах Евросоюза, может стать примером для стран постсоветского пространства и Украины в частности. Раскрыто особенности и структуру работы данной сети школ. Выявлены основные принципы и подходы деятельности сети. Выводы. Европейская Сеть Школ Содействия Здоровью направлена на помощь школе в осуществлении практических заданий, направленных на оздоровительное продвижение и эффективное соответствие образовательным целям. ; Purpose – to analyze the main peculiarities of European Network of Health Promoting Schools functioning in European Union and Ukraine. Results. Students are a big group of population that demand introduction of health education in modern rhythm of life. A great example of such education is schools of Members States of European Union. Address to experience of forming of students' health culture in the Health Promoting Schools in countries of European Union, experience of that can become an example for the countries of post-soviet space and Ukraine in particular. In the article is shown main peculiarities and structure of the work of such school network. Single out the main principles and approached of network activity. Conclusions. The ENHPS is intended above all to be of practical help to schools and those working with schools on becoming more effective in health promotion and therefore ultimately more effective in meeting their educational goals. ; Мета – проаналізувати головні особливості роботи Європейської Мережі Шкіл Сприяння Здоров'ю, що діють в Європейському Союзі і Україні. Результати. Школярі – велика група населення, що вимагає введення оздоровчої освіти в сучасному ритмі життя. Прикладом такої освіти є школи Країн-учасників Європейського Союзу. Звернення до досвіду формування культури здоров'я школярів в Школах Сприяння Здоров'ю в країнах Євросоюзу може стати прикладом для країн пострадянського простору і України зокрема . Розкрито особливості та структуру роботи даної мережі шкіл. Виявлено основні принципи та підходи діяльності мережі. Висновки. Європейська Мережа Шкіл Сприяння Здоров'ю спрямована на допомогу школі в здійсненні практичних завдань, спрямованих на оздоровче просування і ефективне сприяння освітнім цілям.

This volume is divided into three sections, which correspond to the Conference's Working Group I on "Privatisation and New Business Strategies", Working Group IV on the "The Social Dimension" and Working Group V on the "Steel Industry in the European Union". This volume brings together papers by a world-wide selection of academics, leading steel executives, trade unionists and directors of international organisations. It focuses on the institutional changes that have affected the industry, comparing patterns of privatisation in different countries and analysing st

Fil: Cánepa, Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facutad de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho de la Integración. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Resumen: el presente trabajo se propone analizar la problemática de los refugiados, la labor del ACNUR en relación a la protección de los mismos y el tratamiento que se le da al tema en distintos ámbitos. La diferenciación entre asilo y refugio resulta asimismo de suma importancia para poder determinar cuándo nos encontramos frente al Derecho Internacional de los refugiados y cuándo ante un supuesto distinto. Asimismo, se pretende vislumbrar el contenido de esta rama del derecho, su extensión y protección en el ámbito del Derecho Internacional general, en Latinoamérica, y en dos sistemas de integración regional, el caso del MERCOSUR y el de la Unión Europea, considerada esta última como un sistema de integración supranacional. En el caso de la Unión Europea el Tribunal de Justicia de esta organización nos muestra ejemplos concretos del desarrollo de esta materia. -- La cátedra Jean Monnet es una cátedra universitaria otorgada por la Comisión Europea en el marco de su plan de acción. Tienen como objetivo reforzar la docencia y la investigación sobre la integración europea en las universidades, tanto de los Estados miembros como de terceros países. Su nombre hace honor a quien fuera un político francés que, como asesor de Robert Schuman, contribuyó decisivamente a poner los cimientos de las entonces Comunidades Europeas. -- La primera etapa de esta publicación concluyó en el año 2018, comenzó una segunda época en el año 2019 con el nombre Revista "Integración Regional y Derechos Humanos". -- Sección Colaboraciones recibidas.

1\. Introduction 5 2\. The Europeanization of Public Spheres 7 2.1 European Public Sphere: Concepts, Indicators, and Empirical Findings 7 2.2 Two Case Studies: "Haider" and "Eastern Enlargement" 9 3\. Public Sphere as Polity: European Identity and an Emerging Community of Communication 16 3.1 Public Spheres and the Emergence of Collective Identities 16 3.2 A European Community of Communication? 17 4\. Conclusions: An Emerging Public Sphere in the European Union 22 Literature 24 Appendix 26 ; A European public sphere emerges out of Europeanized national public spheres if the following two phenomena are verified. First, if and when the same (European) themes are discussed at the same time with similar frames of reference, meaning structures, and patterns of interpretation across the various media sources. Second, if and when a transnational community of communication emerges in which speakers and listeners recognize each other as legitimate participants in a discourse that frames the issues at stake as common European problems. We present empirical evidence from other scholars and two case studies of our own, namely Eastern enlargement and the sanctions against the Austrian ÖVP/FPÖ-government. The main finding is that at least when European issues are discussed, that a European public sphere is constituted and re-constituted through the discursive connections and debates across borders.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Unionsgrundrechtsbindung operativer Einsätze im Rahmen der GASP und Frontex auf Basis einer strukturellen Analyse des Zusammenspiels von Mitgliedstaaten und Unionsebene. Während die unionsrechtliche Ebene gemäß Art. 51 Abs. 1 S. 1 Alt. 1 GRCh an die Unionsgrundrechte gebunden ist, stellt sich hinsichtlich der Mitgliedstaaten die Frage, ob diese Unionsrecht im Sinne des Art. 51 Abs. 1 S. 1 Alt. 2 GRCh durchführen. Diesbezüglich wird die grundsätzliche Frage erörtert, wie der notwendige Zusammenhang zwischen Unionsrecht und mitgliedstaatlichem Handeln beschaffen sein muss, damit noch von einer Durchführung des Unionsrechts gesprochen werden kann. Auf Grundlage der diesbezüglich entwickelten Kriterien lehnt Conrad W. Fritz im Kontext des unionskoordinierten operativen Handelns im Rahmen der GASP und Frontex im Ergebnis eine Unionsgrundrechtsbindung der Mitgliedstaaten ab. Das gefundene Ergebnis wird abschließend in das grundrechtliche Mehrebenensystem eingeordnet. / »The Obligation to Respect the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in Operational Missions under the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex – A Comparative Analysis of Union-coordinated Operational Action« -- Based on a structural analysis of the interaction between Member States and European Union within the framework of the CFSP and Frontex, the binding of both areas to the fundamental rights of the EU is examined. The author concludes that the European Union is bound by EU fundamental rights, while Member States do not implement Union law within the meaning of Article 51 (1) CFR due to the merely coordinating character of the EU. The finding is finally embedded in the multi-level system of fundamental rights.

The concept of Industry 4.0 turns 10 years old in 2021. This milestone calls for renewed inquiries to review the current efforts of the European Union (EU) and its Member States towards the modernisation of European industry. In 2018, the European Commission published the Digital Transformation Scoreboard 2018: EU businesses go digital: Opportunities, outcomes and uptake, which reports on the readiness for the digital revolution focused on building an economy in line with the concept of Industry 4.0 at three levels: European, national, and business. This study shows how much still remains to be done. At the same time, it identifies some of the key elements contributing to the success in this area, i.e., the digitisation
of machines, Big Data, robotics and artifi cial intelligence, which represent the very essence of the idea of revolution 4.0. The aim of the paper is to determine the extent to which the new strategy for industry proposed by the European Commission in 2020 follows the concept of Industry 4.0. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Statistical analysis
was used to demonstrate the importance of industry in the economy of the European Union between 1998 and 2019 in terms of the share in the added value created and the signifi cance for the labour market. The descriptive methods used include a review of the literature and research on the concept of Industry 4.0 and an analysis of the latest strategic documents of the
European Commission (EC) in relation to industrial policy.

Defence date: 17 September 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute ; Professor Christophe Hillion, University of Leiden ; Professor Stephen Weatherill, University of Oxford. ; One of the most significant roles of the EU in the world is that of being a norms exporter. The EU has concluded numerous agreements with countries in its neighbourhood with the aim of encouraging third countries to adopt EU acquis in exchange for access to the internal market. The most ambitious of these agreements are the three multilateral agreements establishing the European Economic Area, the Energy Community and the European Common Aviation Area, respectively. The common feature of these agreements is the aim of extending to third countries either the entire internal market or a sector thereof. Achieving this objective is, however, challenged by the difficulty of circumscribing precisely the scope of the internal market and delimiting it from other EU policies, the sui generis nature of the EU legal order and the proclaimed need to protect its autonomy. An analysis of the concept of the internal market, the EU's foundational principles and the institutions and procedures in place in the EU and in the three agreements for achieving and maintaining homogeneity within the expanded internal market reveals that it is, indeed, possible to extend the internal market to third countries. However, the level of homogeneity in the expanded market depends heavily on the goodwill of third country decision-­-makers, national administrators and, especially, courts to adopt and give the same effect to rules of EU origin outside the EU as within the Union. The objective of full homogeneity within an expanded internal market inevitably requires a certain transfer of supranational characteristics also to the agreements exporting the acquis.

Strategic security in Eurasia / Nikolai Silaev and Andrei Sushentsov -- Regional arrangements and Eurasian security / Richard Burchill & Ruta Karpauskaite -- Eurasian integration and its institutions: possible contributions to security in Eurasia / Evgeny Vinokurov & Alexander Libman -- Eurasian security constructs and institutional capacity / Leah Sherwood -- Russia's Eurasia moment: politics, economics, business / Timofei Bordachev -- Eurasia: a view from China's security perspective / Zhao Huasheng -- The European Union and Eurasia: europe on the edge / Vincent Della Sala -- China's Belt and Road Initiative and Eurasian security / Yong Wang -- Security issues in Eurasia / Richard Weitz -- Economic security in the Eurasian economic union / Leonid Grigoryev -- Central Asian regimes: stability and reform / Ivan Safranchuk -- Interstate relations in Central Asia / Andrei Kazantsev -- Managing Eurasia's borders: the European Union and international organizations in Russia's "near abroad" / Martin Geiger -- Borders and waters: compartmentalized security in the Eurasian heartland / Viktoria Akchurina -- Sino-Russia strategic understanding and the changing international system / Alexander Lukin -- Conclusion: security in Eurasia - further or closer to the edge? / Piotr Dutkiewicz and Richard Sakwa.