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Processes of increasing integration and globalization and their influence on nation-state sovereignty, political subjectivity and citizenship are analyzed in the article. The formation of common European identity is discussed. It emphasizes the loosing role of national factor and its transformation into multiculturalism. The concept of allegiance is particularly useful for understanding the complex and problematic relation between a national citizenship, a nation state, and a transnational or supranational policy. The general hypothesis is that European allegiance does not depend on how people look at European integration. How a public understands the European Community or Union (EC, EU) in a general way is most likely largely inconsequential. The extend to which people are attached to locality, region or country is arguably not directly related to their "European" attachment. Instead, European allegiance must be viewed as originating in national allegiance. National allegiance, in turn, is contingent on national social and economic performance. European integration, therefore, depends on a double allegiance, consisting of a primary allegiance to the nation-state and its political elite and secondary allegiance to the EC or EU. ; Europoje egzistuoja keli identiteto sluoksniai: europinis, Rytų ar Vakarų Europos, Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES), regioninis, nacionalinis. Stiprėjant integracijos tendencijoms postmodernioje Europoje, kyla naujo kolektyvinio, europinio identiteto klausimas. Kartu didėja sąvokų europietis ir Europos nacionalinės valstybės pilietis sampratos skirtumai, kinta tapatumas su savo šalimi. Europos Sąjungos raidoje reikšmingas yra dviejų lygių identitetas, sudarytas iš pirminio, t. y. tapatumo su savo nacionaline valstybe, ir antrinio, t. y. tapatumo su Europos Sąjunga, kaip platesne nei nacionalinė valstybė, esybe. Europietiškų ir nacionalinių interesų konfliktas gali sukurti vadinamąjį "pasidalinto lojalumo" psichologinį reiškinį. Stiprėjant integracijos procesams postmodernioje Europoje, nacionalinis veiksnys išsilaisvina iš politikos ir besivienijančioje Europoje transformuojasi į multikultūralizmą. Nacionalinių kultūrų įvairovė bei joje pasireiškianti kultūrų vienybė yra Europos turtas bei jos tolesnio klestėjimo pagrindas.

This article examines neighbourhood policy of the European Union in the context of European identity. The goal of the article is to analyze the role and interpretations of the normative dimension in the European neighbourhood policy. The article is based on scientific literature, analysis of the documents and the empirical research which was made in EU institutions, Lithuania's and Belarus state universities in 2011. According to the empirical research, it is stated that the EU and European identity involve norms, values and features which were similarly recognized by the EU and non-EU (Belarus) citizens.

This article examines neighbourhood policy of the European Union in the context of European identity. The goal of the article is to analyze the role and interpretations of the normative dimension in the European neighbourhood policy. The article is based on scientific literature, analysis of the documents and the empirical research which was made in EU institutions, Lithuania's and Belarus state universities in 2011. According to the empirical research, it is stated that the EU and European identity involve norms, values and features which were similarly recognized by the EU and non-EU (Belarus) citizens.

This article examines neighbourhood policy of the European Union in the context of European identity. The goal of the article is to analyze the role and interpretations of the normative dimension in the European neighbourhood policy. The article is based on scientific literature, analysis of the documents and the empirical research which was made in EU institutions, Lithuania's and Belarus state universities in 2011. According to the empirical research, it is stated that the EU and European identity involve norms, values and features which were similarly recognized by the EU and non-EU (Belarus) citizens.

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The regional policy pursued in the European Union which is often called the cohesion policy is characterized as an important factor helping to level the overall development of the European Union. In this regard, the study of the features of cohesion policy instruments using the example of the legal mechanisms of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is very relevant and has a high theoretical and practical significance. The object of the master's work is the legal regulation of social relations that arise about the implementation of the European cohesion policy by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The purpose of the master's work is a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as an instrument of the European cohesion policy. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to give a concept, to characterize the essence and instruments of the implementation of the European cohesion policy; 2) to consider the evolution of the cohesion policy of the European Union; 3) to consider the features of creation, organizational structure and the aims of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 4) to analyze the features and problems of the international legal status of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 5) to characterize the features of the credit and investment activities of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 6) to determine the role of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in the European cohesion policy. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the statistical and the system methods and other methods of cognition. The master's work is devoted to the study of European cohesion policy instruments using the example of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development legal mechanisms. It has been found out that today the cohesion policy in the European Union is used as a synonym for regional policy, since it aims to bridge the gap in the levels of economic development and per capita income in different regions, to increase the economic solidarity of countries. A classification of European cohesion policy instruments has been proposed. It is proved that the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is an international intergovernmental organization by its legal nature. The features of the legal status of the EBRD are defined. It has been found out that the lending by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to finance projects in a particular country is carried out in accordance with the EBRD's strategies for this country. The role of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as an instrument of European cohesion policy is defined. The features of the social policy of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the environmental dimension of its investment activities in the framework of the European cohesion policy are identified. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a comprehensive scientific work in which a theoretical study of the legal basis of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, including the implementation of the European cohesion policy goals by the bank, has been carried out. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.

The regional policy pursued in the European Union which is often called the cohesion policy is characterized as an important factor helping to level the overall development of the European Union. In this regard, the study of the features of cohesion policy instruments using the example of the legal mechanisms of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is very relevant and has a high theoretical and practical significance. The object of the master's work is the legal regulation of social relations that arise about the implementation of the European cohesion policy by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The purpose of the master's work is a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as an instrument of the European cohesion policy. Tasks of the master's work: 1) to give a concept, to characterize the essence and instruments of the implementation of the European cohesion policy; 2) to consider the evolution of the cohesion policy of the European Union; 3) to consider the features of creation, organizational structure and the aims of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 4) to analyze the features and problems of the international legal status of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 5) to characterize the features of the credit and investment activities of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; 6) to determine the role of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in the European cohesion policy. There were used dialectical, historical methods, the methods of formal logic, the comparative legal method, the statistical and the system methods and other methods of cognition. The master's work is devoted to the study of European cohesion policy instruments using the example of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development legal mechanisms. It has been found out that today the cohesion policy in the European Union is used as a synonym for regional policy, since it aims to bridge the gap in the levels of economic development and per capita income in different regions, to increase the economic solidarity of countries. A classification of European cohesion policy instruments has been proposed. It is proved that the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is an international intergovernmental organization by its legal nature. The features of the legal status of the EBRD are defined. It has been found out that the lending by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to finance projects in a particular country is carried out in accordance with the EBRD's strategies for this country. The role of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development as an instrument of European cohesion policy is defined. The features of the social policy of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the environmental dimension of its investment activities in the framework of the European cohesion policy are identified. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it is a comprehensive scientific work in which a theoretical study of the legal basis of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, including the implementation of the European cohesion policy goals by the bank, has been carried out. The master's work can be useful to researchers, lecturers, lawyers and students.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

Language is part of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity in many cases, especially in Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic nationalism is the prevailing form of nationalism, constitutes an integral part of nationalism (its other part consists of national interests as perceived by dominant groups and/or the majority). However, in the context of regional integration, the relationship between these categories undergoes a major change alongside with shifts in the identity structure.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

The Master's thesis "The Possibilities of the European Union Cooperation in the Field of Energy: European Energy Union" is a research on the possibilities of cooperation among European Union members if Energy Union was created. This topic is relatively new, because the discussion on further cooperation on energy politics through an Energy Union was begun only in 2014. As such, there is not enough scientific publications and other articles. Research object is the possibilities of European Union collaboration: the European Energy Union. Research aim is to evaluate the possible cooperation of the member states in the European Energy Union. The following objectives for the master's thesis were formed: 1. To present the main aspects of neoliberalism theory and the theory possibilities to expain international cooperation in energy politics; 2. To review the development of the energy collaboration and positions in the EU; 3. To examine the principles of the EU single energy market. 4. To analyse the possibilities of the EU Energy Union establishment. The main research method used in this thesis is structurized interview. In order to analyse the EU cooperation possibilities in the Energy Union, documents, agreements, scientific literature and legislation analysis was used. The master's thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclussions and literature sources list. The work is based on neoliberalism theory, which explains collaboration among countries when creating supranational institutions and, as such, ensuring the control of an anarchic international system and achievement of common aims. By following this theory, possible cooperation among the EU countries on supranational level through the Energy Union, is analysed. After conducting the structurized interview, it was observed that the interviewed energy experts positively assess the possible cooperation among the EU member states through the Energy Union. The respondents state that the Energy Union is beneficial for all states, because it will help achieve the set energy aims. The research showed that the Energy Union would not be a new institution, but rather a continuation of single energy politics. Cooperation among the member states in the Energy Union will provide better energy protection, create a single energy resources market, which will reduce the price of imported resources, it will improve cooperation in renewable resources extraction, reduce the emission of gas which cause the greenhouse effect, and it will also improve energy efficiency.

The idea of European identity and multilingualism, especially of a European public sphere – of media-sustained imaginary spaces where all of the diversities and commonalities of multicultural Europe are expressed and celebrated – is an appealing and thought-provoking concept and one that continuously attracts the attention of scholars, policy-makers, writers, journalists, and artists from all over Europe. At the same time, in spite of their popularity, multifaceted nature, and inclusivity, many of these debates lack optimism. Discussions often lead to the conclusion that a common arena for cultural exchange and inspiring debates, maintained and preserved by the conventional mass media, simply does not exist. It does not exist as a common public sphere where differing points of view could be presented, and which would enable the emergence of a mutual discourse rich in diverse interpretations – of a space which would stimulate the imagination of Europe as an experience. Therefore, the goal of the research perspective "European Public Sphere – politics, communication, discourse" is to find commonalities and intersections among those very diverse fields of europenization studies ranging from journalism, communication studies and identity issues, to regional studies, comparative politics and international relations. At the same time, this research perspective seeks to address new questions and includes these into the comparative research agenda. It looks into changes and. [to full text]