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August Neilreich (1803-1871), jurist and botanist. Born at Vienna, Dezember 12th 1803, died at Vienna, June 1st 1871. Neilreich studied law and politics at the Vienna University from 1823 to 1827 and worked in various juridical positions from 1828 until 1857, when he retired due to bad health. Besides his official posts Neilreich was Austria's most important floristic botanist of his time, his books "Flora von Wien" (1846/51) and "Flora von Nieder-Oesterreich" (1857/59) are highly important even today. He also published on the history of Austrian botany and wrote his important paper "Geschichte der Botanik in Nieder-Oesterreich" in 1855 (presented here). Biographical data: F. A. Stafleu & R. S. Cowan, Taxonomic literature, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, 1981, pp. 719-721 / J. H. Barnhart, Biographical notes upon botanists Vol. 2, p. 543 / ÖBL Vol. 7, 1976, pp. 61-62 / ADB 23, 1886, pp. 405-407 / Wurzbach 20, 1869, pp. 143-146 / A. Handlirsch & R. v. Wettstein, Botanik und Zoologie in Österreich in den Jahren 1850 bis 1900 (Wien 1901), see register / L. Ritter von Köchel, Dr. August Neilreich. Umrisse seines Lebens und Wirkens. In: Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 21, 1871, pp. 1313-1344. Context: An offprint of "Geschichte der Botanik in Nieder-Oesterreich" with handwritten dedication from Neilreich to Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794-1865). ; August Neilreich (1803-1871), Jurist und Botaniker. Geb. Wien, 12.12.1803, gest. Wien 01.06.1871.- Neilreich widmete sich 1823-1827 juridisch-politischen Studien an der Universität Wien und war von 1828-1857 in diversen öffentlich-gerichtlichen Positionen in Wien tätig. 1857 erfolgte krankheitshalber seine Pensionierung. Neilreich war einer der größten Lokalfloristen Österreichs, seine Werke "Flora von Wien" (1846/51) und "Flora von Nieder-Oesterreich" (1857/59) sind Meilensteine der floristischen Literatur für Ostösterreich. Daneben befasste er sich auch mit der Geschichte seiner Fachdisziplin und legte 1855 seine "Geschichte der ...

Matthias Macher (1793-1876), medical doctor and writer. Born at Oisnitz (Styria, Austria) January 8th 1793, died at Graz June 27th 1876. Macher studied philosophy at Graz from 1812 to 1815 and then, from 1815 onwards, medicine at Vienna. In 1821 he received his doctoral degree and worked as a general practitioner at Maribor, Rann (Brežice, Slowenia; 1823-1828), Mariazell (Styria; 1828-1829), Hartberg (Styria; 1829-1849) and Stainz (Styria; 1849-1865). Macher fought successfully against epidemic cholera in 1831 and besides published on political, medical and historical topics nearly all his life. Biographical data: ÖBL 5, 1972, p. 394 / ADB 52, 1906, pp. 146-148 / Wurzbach 16, 1867, pp. 204-205 / F. Ilwof, Mathias Macher. In: Mittheilungen des historischen Vereines für Steiermark 25, 1877, Gedenkbuch, pp. 47-65. Context: The present historical-topographical description of Mariazell published in 1832 contains remarks on the natural history of Mariazell and on page 70-76 a flora of Mariazell. ; Matthias Macher (1793-1876), Mediziner und Schriftsteller. Geb. Oisnitz (Steiermark) 08.01.1793, gest. Graz 27.06.1876. Macher absolvierte 1812 bis 1815 die philosophischen Studien in Graz und studierte ab 1815 Medizin in Wien. Am 21. Juli 1821 wurde er hier zum Doktor der Medizin promoviert und wirkte in Folge als praktischer Arzt in Marburg/Drau, ab 1823 als Distriktsphysikus in Rann, 1828 in Mariazell und ab 1829 in Hartberg. 1849 wurde ihm die k. k. Bezirkarztstelle in Stainz übertragen, welche er bis zum Übertritt in den Ruhestand 1865 inne hatte. Macher erwarb sich große Verdienste im Rahmen der Choleraepidemie des Jahres 1831, zeitlebens war er als politischer, medizinischer und historisch-topographischer Schriftsteller rege tätig. Biographische Daten: ÖBL Bd. 5, 1972, S. 394 / ADB 52, 1906, S. 146-148 / Wurzbach 16, 1867, S. 204-205 / F. Ilwof, Mathias Macher. In: Mittheilungen des historischen Vereines für Steiermark 25, 1877, Gedenkbuch, S. 47-65. Umfeld: Die vorliegende historisch-topographische Beschreibung von ...

Christian Ludwig Ideler (born 21 September 1766 in Gross Breese to Perleberg, † 10 August 1846 in Berlin) was a German astronomer. He was a royal astronomer and calculator of the national calendar.He taught at the Royal Court from 1816 to 1822, the Prince William, Frederick and Charles. From 1821 was Ideler professor at Berlin University and also Director of Studies of the Cadet Corps, a teacher at the Academy of Forestry and the general military school in Berlin. ; Christian Ludwig Ideler (* 21. September 1766 in Groß Breese bei Perleberg; † 10. August 1846 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Astronom. Er war königlicher Astronom und Berechner der Landeskalender. Er unterrichtete am königlichen Hof von 1816 bis 1822 die Prinzen Wilhelm, Friedrich und Karl. Ab 1821 war Ideler Professor an der Berliner Universität und zugleich Studiendirektor des Kadettenkorps, Lehrer an der Forstakademie und an der allgemeinen Kriegsschule in Berlin.

Von der Ankunft der Slawen in Böhmen im Jahre Christi 480, bis zur Regierung Kaiser Karls des Vierten 1346

John Rümelin, Johann Remmelin (* 1583 in Ulm, † 1632 in Augsburg) was a German physician and philosopher. Rümelin was Stadtphysicus in Ulm, Schorndorf and Augsburg. He studied philosophy in Tübingen and then medicine in Basel. In addition to his work as a physician, he worked on mathematics. He was the author and translator of several writings. John Faulhaber (born May 5, 1580 Ulm, † September 10, 1635 in Ulm) was a German mathematician, engineer and military architect. He collaborated among others with Johannes Kepler and Ludolph van Ceulen. His mathematical works deal mainly with sums over powers of natural numbers to exponents 17 (Faulhabersche formula), the solution of the general equation 4 Degree, the sets of Pythagoras and Heron of Alexandria in three-dimensional space. ; Johannes Rümelin, auch Johann Remmelin (* 1583 in Ulm; † 1632 in Augsburg) war ein deutscher Arzt und Philosoph. Rümelin war Stadtphysicus in Ulm, Schorndorf und Augsburg. Er studierte Philosophie in Tübingen und anschließend Medizin in Basel. Neben seiner Arbeit als Mediziner beschäftigte er sich mit der Mathematik. Er war Autor und Übersetzer mehrerer Schriften. Johannes Faulhaber (* 5. Mai 1580 in Ulm; † 10. September 1635 in Ulm) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, Ingenieur und Festungsbaumeister. Er arbeitete unter anderem mit Johannes Kepler und Ludolph van Ceulen zusammen. Seine mathematischen Arbeiten beschäftigen sich hauptsächlich mit Summen über Potenzen natürlicher Zahlen bis zum Exponenten 17 (Faulhabersche Formel), der Lösung der allgemeinen Gleichung 4. Grades, den Sätzen von Pythagoras und Heron von Alexandria im dreidimensionalen Raum.

John Faulhaber (born May 5, 1580 Ulm, † September 10, 1635 in Ulm) was a German mathematician, engineer and military architect. His mathematical works deal mainly with sums over powers of natural numbers to exponents 17 (Faulhabersche formula), the solution of the general equation 4 Degree, the sets of Pythagoras and Heron of Alexandria in three-dimensional space. ; Johannes Faulhaber (* 5. Mai 1580 in Ulm; † 10. September 1635 in Ulm) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, Ingenieur und Festungsbaumeister. Seine mathematischen Arbeiten beschäftigen sich hauptsächlich mit Summen über Potenzen natürlicher Zahlen bis zum Exponenten 17 (Faulhabersche Formel), der Lösung der allgemeinen Gleichung 4. Grades, den Sätzen von Pythagoras und Heron von Alexandria im dreidimensionalen Raum.

John Faulhaber (born May 5, 1580 Ulm, † September 10, 1635 in Ulm) was a German mathematician, engineer and military architect. He collaborated among others with Johannes Kepler and Ludolph van Ceulen. His mathematical works deal mainly with sums over powers of natural numbers to exponents 17 (Faulhabersche formula), the solution of the general equation 4 Degree, the sets of Pythagoras and Heron of Alexandria in three-dimensional space. ; Johannes Faulhaber (* 5. Mai 1580 in Ulm; † 10. September 1635 in Ulm) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, Ingenieur und Festungsbaumeister. Er arbeitete unter anderem mit Johannes Kepler und Ludolph van Ceulen zusammen. Seine mathematischen Arbeiten beschäftigen sich hauptsächlich mit Summen über Potenzen natürlicher Zahlen bis zum Exponenten 17 (Faulhabersche Formel), der Lösung der allgemeinen Gleichung 4. Grades, den Sätzen von Pythagoras und Heron von Alexandria im dreidimensionalen Raum.

John Faulhaber (born May 5, 1580 Ulm, † September 10, 1635 in Ulm) was a German mathematician, engineer and military architect. He collaborated among others with Johannes Kepler and Ludolph van Ceulen. His mathematical works deal mainly with sums over powers of natural numbers to exponents 17 (Faulhabersche formula), the solution of the general equation 4 Degree, the sets of Pythagoras and Heron of Alexandria in three-dimensional space. ; Johannes Faulhaber (* 5. Mai 1580 in Ulm; † 10. September 1635 in Ulm) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, Ingenieur und Festungsbaumeister. Er arbeitete unter anderem mit Johannes Kepler und Ludolph van Ceulen zusammen. Seine mathematischen Arbeiten beschäftigen sich hauptsächlich mit Summen über Potenzen natürlicher Zahlen bis zum Exponenten 17 (Faulhabersche Formel), der Lösung der allgemeinen Gleichung 4. Grades, den Sätzen von Pythagoras und Heron von Alexandria im dreidimensionalen Raum.

Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana's participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe's cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone. Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.

Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana's participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe's cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone. Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.

The Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure or CLARIN is a research infrastructure initiated to make digital language resources and tools from all over Europe and beyond accessible through a single sign-on online environment. CLARIN supports academic researchers as well as students, journalists and citizen-scientists interested in digital language resources, such as parliamentary records, social media data, newspaper archives and spoken corpora. In 2012, CLARIN received the status of European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) and as of 2016 CLARIN is recognized as an ESFRI Landmark. [1] Research libraries have always played a vital role in CLARIN. National libraries actively participate in several of the 25 national CLARIN consortia. Clearly, libraries are some of the largest providers of digital resources used by linguists, historians, literary scholars and other researchers engaged in the (digital) social sciences and humanities. In addition, many libraries encourage digital scholarship by offering analytical tools, training and data management support. [2] On a supranational level, CLARIN has a number of partnerships with large cultural heritage infrastructures. In 2017, CLARIN signed a Memorandum of Understanding with LIBER, the Association of European Research Libraries. The goal of the Memorandum is to engage in and share information about policy and advocacy activities of mutual interests such as copyright regulations, identification of opportunities for joint capacity building and planning, and cooperation on user involvement in the design of services. [3] In addition, CLARIN and LIBER are jointly developing training material in the context of the European project SSHOC (Social Sciences and Humanities Open Cloud). CLARIN is also a partner in the Digital Service Infrastructure of Europeana, an EU platform for digital cultural heritage. As a result of this partnership, a selection of Europeana records can be found in CLARIN's main search engine, the Virtual Language Observatory. ...

The Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure or CLARIN is a research infrastructure initiated to make digital language resources and tools from all over Europe and beyond accessible through a single sign-on online environment. CLARIN supports academic researchers as well as students, journalists and citizen-scientists interested in digital language resources, such as parliamentary records, social media data, newspaper archives and spoken corpora. In 2012, CLARIN received the status of European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) and as of 2016 CLARIN is recognized as an ESFRI Landmark. [1] Research libraries have always played a vital role in CLARIN. National libraries actively participate in several of the 25 national CLARIN consortia. Clearly, libraries are some of the largest providers of digital resources used by linguists, historians, literary scholars and other researchers engaged in the (digital) social sciences and humanities. In addition, many libraries encourage digital scholarship by offering analytical tools, training and data management support. [2] On a supranational level, CLARIN has a number of partnerships with large cultural heritage infrastructures. In 2017, CLARIN signed a Memorandum of Understanding with LIBER, the Association of European Research Libraries. The goal of the Memorandum is to engage in and share information about policy and advocacy activities of mutual interests such as copyright regulations, identification of opportunities for joint capacity building and planning, and cooperation on user involvement in the design of services. [3] In addition, CLARIN and LIBER are jointly developing training material in the context of the European project SSHOC (Social Sciences and Humanities Open Cloud). CLARIN is also a partner in the Digital Service Infrastructure of Europeana, an EU platform for digital cultural heritage. As a result of this partnership, a selection of Europeana records can be found in CLARIN's main search engine, the Virtual Language Observatory. ...

The relevance of the research. European integration is the main and unchanging foreign policy priority of Ukraine. Further development and deepening of relations between Ukraine and the EU are the main direction of its development. A new stage in the development of EU-Ukraine treaty relations, which began with Ukraine's accession to the EU candidate status in June 2022, requires further raising awareness of Ukraine's European integration among all members of society. Libraries can contribute to the formation of objective motivations among the population by understanding the practical benefits of cooperation with the EU. One of the ways of such integration for Ukrainian libraries is to become part of the European library network.
The purpose of research is to identify the features of Europeana metadata for further digitization of library collections in Ukraine in order to preserve cultural heritage.
The methodology. To achieve this goal, theoretical and general scientific research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction, were used. The data visualization method and the method of generalization were used to present the Europeana data models.
The results. The article defines the types of the Europeana operational model, provides a general overview of the classes defined in the Europeana data model and the process of interaction between Europeana data and wikidata.
The scientific topicality. The article summarizes previous, primarily foreign, research on the peculiarities of the development of the Europeana funds. The article presents the data models of the Europeana that function to fill the web portal.
The practical significance. The results of the research are presented in the form of Europeana data models and the definition of Europeana metadata types (descriptive, structural, administrative, markup language).
The conclusion. The current operating model of Europeana uses the Open Archives Initiative's Metadata Collection Protocol (OAI-PMH) and the Europeana Data Model (EDM) to import data through Metis, Europeana's data collection and aggregation service. However, OAI-PMH is an outdated technology that is not web-oriented, resulting in high maintenance costs, especially for smaller institutions. Metadata can be divided into several categories, or types, for different data management purposes. Traditional library cataloging focuses, for example, on the identification and description of resources, but there are obviously other types of metadata that carry valuable information (structural, administrative, markup language).

The Semantic Web encourages institutions, including libraries, to collect, link and share their data across the Web in order to ease its processing by machines to get better queries and results. Linked Data technologies enable us to connect related data on the Web using the principles outlined by Tim Berners-Lee in 2006. Digital libraries have great potential to exchange and disseminate data linked to external resources using Linked Data. In this paper, a study about the current uses of Linked Data in digital libraries, including the most important implementations around the world, is presented. The study focuses on selected vocabularies and ontologies, benefits and problems encountered in implementing Linked Data in digital libraries. In addition, it also identifies and discusses specific challenges that digital libraries face, offering suggestions for ways in which libraries can contribute to the Semantic Web. The study uses an adapted methodology for literature review, to find data available to answer research questions. It is based on the information found in the library websites recommended by W3C Library Linked Data Incubator Group in 2011, and scientific publications from Google Scholar, Scopus, ACM and Springer from the last 5 years. The selected libraries for the study are the National Library of France, the Europeana Library, the Library of Congress of the USA, the British Library and the National Library of Spain. In this paper, we outline the best practices found in each experience and identify gaps and future trends. ; This work was supported by the Prometeo Project from the Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Ecuadorian Government and by the project GEODAS-BI (TIN2012-37493-C03-03) supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (MINECO). Alejandro Mate´ was funded by the Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2014/064).

It was only in the mid-1990s that Digital Libraries became a research topic in Europe. The European Union was then instrumental in supporting and promoting the subject. One key element of that support was the establishment of the DELOS Network of Excellence. Its central role in the development of digital libraries in the period 1997-2007 in Europe and its contributions areoutlined in this paper.