The article is devoted to the analysis of the views of Russian liberal leaders of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries on Peter I and his transformation. The subject of the article is the historical and publicistic works of such authors as M. Pogodin, S. Soloviev, K. Kavelin, B. Chicherin, P. Vinogradov, S. Frank. Using textological analysis, the author aims to analyze the assessments made by representatives of the liberal Russian public of Peter I.'s transformational activities. According to the author, representatives of the Russian liberal discourse spoke about Russia as a part of Europe primarily in the geographical sense, and the common destiny of Russia and Western European countries is often determined by geography. Thinkers believed that European culture found its place in Russia, which before Peter I distinguished by its originality and firmness of the original principles. The author concludes that Russian liberals recognized Europeanization as an organic historical phenomenon caused by the whole progress of development of the country and expressing its needs. In general, the Europeanization of Russia under Peter I was given a positive assessment. Europeanization was considered as a factor in the integration of the Russian state into the European processes and a guarantee of its economic and political development. At the same time, the transformation of Russia in the European direction, as liberal intellectuals believed, was unfinished. Pointing to the incompleteness of the transformation, liberal thinkers put forward various reasons for the incompleteness of the transformation along the European path. The general assessment of the Europeanization of Russia was associated with the assessment of the personality and the activities of the King-converter himself, including in connection with his role in strengthening the state and the autocratic system in Russia.
The article studies the main aspects of 19th Serbia's industrial production establishment and development, more particularly, military, mining, textile, etc. Close attention is paid to the problems underlying foreign investment and experience attraction to these processes as well as their role and place in Serbia's economic development as a whole. The author draws a conclusion that Serbian state policy in the sphere of national industry support was of low efficiency and counted excessively on foreign business's participation. ; Рассматриваются основные аспекты становления и развития промышленного производства в Сербии в XIX в., в частности оборонной, добывающей, текстильной и других отраслей. Уделяется внимание проблемам, связанным с привлечением к этим процессам иностранного опыта и капитала, а также их роли и месту в экономическом развитии Сербии в целом. Делаются выводы о слабой эффективности государственной политики в области поддержки отечественной промышленности и преувеличенном расчете на результативность западного предпринимательства в сербской экономике.
The article presents the results of a specifics study reforming the institutional structure of education. The peculiarities of forming the factors of institutional confidence in the reforms of the education system in Ukraine are analyzed. Relying on the interdisciplinary approach, the authors consider the reasons for the emergence of institutional gaps. Institutional conflicts are identified, which are related to differences in the level of complexity of the institution being introduced and the general structure of the institutional education environment. Institutional conflicts are identified, which are related to differences in the level of complexity of the institution being introduced and the general structure of the institutional education environment. It is concluded that the contradictions between the europeanization of Ukrainian society and the outdated institutional matrix of the Ukrainian education system, creates an aggravation of social processes, a decrease in institutional confidence in the reforms of the education system, and the strengthening of institutional mutants of education. The issues of developing indicators of the quality of education have been worked out, which should demonstrate a positive result for society, and also testify to the success of educational policy.
The article considers influence of judicial reform of Alexander II on modernizationof the Russian society of the second half of XIX and beginning of XX centuries.The authors consider essence of the concept "modernization", its different definitions,and peculiarities of the Russian modernization. These peculiarities expressthemselves in that in Russia there was a catch-up modernization or "behind timemodernization" which finished with the destruction of patriarchal principle offeudal system, increase of the legal culture and partial Europeanization of thesociety. The article analyses the influence of judicial reform on different spheresof the social life. The authors come to a conclusion that this reform had a positiveinfluence on the growth of popula-tion knowledge in juridical direction. Inthe meantime a judicial reform had a little influence on modernization processesin the Russian Empire and Alexander III counter-reforms stopped modificationof the judicial system thereby have weakened the influence of judicial reform onmodernization of the Russian society even more. ; Рассматривается влияние судебной реформы Александра II на модернизациюроссийского общества второй половины XIX — начала XX веков. Авторы рас-сматривают сущность понятия «модернизация», различные его определения,особенности российской модернизации. Эти особенности проявляются в том, чтов России была догоняющая модернизация, или «модернизация с опозданием»,которая закончилась разрушением патриархальных принципов феодализма,повышением правовой культуры и частичной европеизацией общества. В статьеанализируется влияние судебной реформы на различные сферы общественнойжизни. Авторы приходят к выводу, что данная реформа положительно повлиялана рост образованности населения в юридическом направлении. В то же времясудебная реформа в недостаточной мере повлияла на модернизационные про-цессы в Российской империи, а контрреформы Александра III остановили из-менения судебной системы, тем самым еще больше ослабив влияние судебнойреформы на модернизацию российского общества.
УДК 347.9The purpose of the article is to provide a critical analysis of different approaches towards the notion of "European Civil Procedure", to substantiate by means of legal and judicial practice, research papers a true essence and legal nature of the European Civil Procedure.The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison); private and academic (interpretation, comparison, formal-legal).Problems and basic scientific results: the notion of "European Civil Procedure", which describes the process of EU Member States judicial cooperation, bears largely a conventional character. It is not used officially by the organs and institutions of the EU, or its Member States. Moreover, it assumes an unjustified monopolization of the European discourse on the side of EU's initiatives, although Europe is not limited to that association neither in geographical, nor in a legal sense. However, the given notion has become quite colloquial and does not cause any difficulties to the beneficiaries, and thus we may use the terms "European Civil Procedure" (ECP) and "Civil Procedure of the EU" (CP EU) as synonyms.Different approaches towards the nature of the European Civil Procedure claim that it may be regarded as: (1) a separate (communitary) regime of Private International Law (or, otherwise, International Civil Procedure); (2) means to approximate national rules of Civil Pro-cedure; 3) a particular system of judicial decisions recognition; (4) an independent area of supranational law; 5) an aggregate of all or part of the qualities mentioned above.The system of EU Civil Procedure constitutes "federal" procedural law of the Union that functions side-by-side national procedural rules. It governs those relations that go beyond the borders of one Member State, but not the EU itself. Relations between Member States and third nations are still generally out of the federal competence.We need not to forget, however, that a genuine federal center does not only introduce centralized procedures, but also approves mandatory standards for all of the levels of the regulatory system (in other words, pursues approximation). A right of any federal state to exercise such competence does not find any questions due to supremacy of its authority. Still in the EU legal order the principle of its supremacy has a limited application and it is not obvious that the introduction of general norms for the Civil Procedure come within it. The existence of different standards of justice (28 national ones and one supranational) has a negative effect on the unity of the "area of justice", making it illusory. In order to guarantee an equal level of judicial protection everywhere in the EU a procedural "bill of rights" is required, and it needs to be adopted at the "highest level" of the system.Conclusions. The EU Civil Procedure has a dual nature. In its own (narrow) sense it is a body of federal procedural law of the EU that is applied when a cross-border situation of intracommunity character comes into being. In a broader sense, it is also a combination of norms, rules and principles of justice that are adopted by the EU as a federal center for both community-wide and national levels of the judicial system in order to guarantee the unity to the area of justice. In the ideal case, the European area of justice has to be a coherent, unified and internally consistent system. Reality is, however, far from that image, since there are multiple problems of both legal and political nature that hinder the implementa-tion of these brave ideas. ; УДК 347.9Европейский гражданский процесс является понятием в достаточной степени услов-ым. Взгляды на сущность данного института характеризуются разнообразием: 1) особый (коммунитарный) режим международного частного права (или международного гражданского процесса); 2) средство сближения национальных норм гражданского процессуального права; 3) специальная система признания решений; 4) самостоятельная отрасль наднационального права; 5) совокупность всех или части из вышеприведенных качеств. Европейский гражданский процесс имеет двойственную природу. В собственном смысле слова это федеральное процессуальное право Европейского Союза. В более широком значении это совокупность тех правил, норм и принципов отправления правосудия, которые ЕС как федеративный центр принимает и для общефедерального, и для национального уровней судебной системы, обеспечивая единство пространства правосудия.
