Suchergebnisse

Darf die Teilnahme an der Krebsvorsorge zur Pflicht werden? Müssen wir Übergewichtige zum Abnehmen drängen? Gegen welche Grippeformen sollen wir uns impfen lassen? Public-Health-Maßnahmen haben zu vielen gesundheitlichen Verbesserungen geführt. Aber auch gut gemeinte Interventionen können gesundheitliche Schäden hervorrufen, Teile der Bevölkerung stigmatisieren oder Kosten verursachen, die in keinem Verhältnis zum Nutzen stehen. Probleme wie auch Lösungsansätze aus dem Bereich Public Health werfen gesundheitliche, ökonomische, ethische, soziokulturelle und rechtliche Fragen auf. Evidence-based Public Health hilft bei der Suche nach Antworten: Anhand von Fallbeispielen wird in diesem Buch gezeigt, wie von der Formulierung des Gesundheitsproblems bis zur Umsetzung der Maßnahmen alle Phasen systematisch geprüft werden können. Das Buch wendet sich an Studierende und Forscher im Bereich der Gesundheitswissenschaften sowie an Entscheidungsträger und Praktiker, die einen Ansatz suchen, um Public-Health-Probleme systematisch zu analysieren und geeignete Interventionen planen zu können.

The acclaimed textbook for navigating the practice and challenges of public health, now updated and completely revised "It should be recommended or assigned to all students in public health." -American Journal of EpidemiologyThis fully revised and updated edition Evidence-Based Public Health offers an essential primer on how to choose, carry out, and evaluate evidence-based programs and policies in public health settings. It addresses not only how to locate and utilize scientific evidence, but also how to implement and evaluate interventions in a way that generates new evidence.

Public health policy has a profound impact on health status. Missing from the literature is a clear articulation of the definition of evidence-based policy and approaches to move the field forward. Policy-relevant evidence includes both quantitative (e.g., epidemiological) and qualitative information (e.g., narrative accounts).

Evidence based Public Health is the execution and evaluation of the efficiency of interventions, plans, programs, projects and politics in public health through the application of the scientific principles of reasoning, including the systematic use of information and information systems. Evidence based public health involves the use of methodologies similar to those applied in evidence-based clinical medicine, but differs in its contents. In public health two types of evidence are described. The type I evidence in which a strong relation exists between the preventable risk and disease, and type II evidence in which there exists a relative effectivity of the public health interventions. In evidence based Public Health research designs more appropriate for the social sciences are used, as the observational and quasi-experimental studies. Likewise the decisions are more of interdisciplinary teams. ; La Salud Pública Basada en la Evidencia es la ejecución y la evaluación de la efectividad de intervenciones, planes, programas, proyectos y políticas en salud pública a través de la aplicación de los principios de razonamiento científicos, incluyendo el uso sistemático de datos y sistemas de información. La evidencia en salud pública implica la utilización de metodologías similares a las aplicadas en la evidencia en medicina clínica pero que difieren en sus contenidos, es así que en salud pública se describen dos tipos de evidencia. La evidencia tipo I en la cual existe una fuerte relación entre el riesgo prevenible y la enfermedad y la tipo II en la que existe una efectividad relativa de las intervenciones en salud pública. En Salud Pública Basada en la Evidencia se utilizan diseños de investigación más propios de las ciencias sociales como son los estudios observacionales y cuasi-experimentales. Así mismo las decisiones son más de equipos interdisciplinarios.

Public health decisions are often based on short-term demands rather than long-term study, and policies & programs are sometimes developed from anecdotal evidence. To enhance evidence-based practice, this book provides practical guidance on the methodology and evaluation of such programs & policies.

Public health policy interventions have historically driven many significant public health advancements. In this discussion, we outline the key characteristics and benefits that set these interventions apart from programmatic approaches.

Background In 2013, many public health functions transferred from the National Health Service to local government in England. From 2006 NICE had produced public health guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine. This study explores how the guidelines were received in the new environment in local government and related issues raised relating to the use of evidence in local authoritites. Methods In depth, interviews with 31 elected members and officers, including Directors of Public Health, from four very different local government organizations ('local authorities'). Results Participants reported that (i) there were tensions between evidence-based, and political decision-making; (ii) there were differences in views about what constituted 'good' evidence and (iii) that organizational life is an important mediator in the way evidence is used. Conclusions Democratic political decision-making does not necessarily naturally align with decision-making based on evidence from the international scientific literature, and local knowledge and local evidence are very important in the ways that public health decisions are made. ; This study was co-funded by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and Economic and Social Research Council.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: General Considerations and Methodologic Aspects -- Chapter 1: Social Inequities in Cancer: Why Develop Scientific Research? -- References -- Chapter 2: Population-Based Cancer Registries: A Data Stream to Help Build an Evidence-Based Cancer Policy for Europe and for European Countries -- References -- Chapter 3: The European Deprivation Index: A Tool to Help Build an Evidence-Based Cancer Policy for Europe -- References -- Chapter 4: Social Disparities in Cancer Incidence: Methodological Considerations -- Introduction -- General Context -- Methodological Points -- Context of Spatial Analysis -- Bayesian Model for Smoothing Relative Risks -- Distribution of Hyperparameters σ2v and σ2u -- Regression Models with Covariates -- The Data -- The Results -- SIR, Smoothed SIR and Choice of Bayesian Model -- Regression Coefficients for the Explanatory Variables -- Sensitivity Analysis on the Choice of Hyper-Parameters -- Elements of Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Social Disparities in Cancer Survival: Methodological Considerations -- Introduction -- Relative Survival Approaches -- Net Survival -- The Measure of Interest -- Estimation -- Age-Standardisation for Improving Comparability -- Measuring the Socioeconomic Deprivation -- Illustration - Part 1 -- Quantifying the Association between Socioeconomic Deprivation and Excess Mortality -- The Mortality Hazard -- Illustration - Part 2 -- Some Principles for Defining a Hazard-Based Regression Model -- Illustration - Part 3 -- Discussion -- References -- Part II: Social Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Survival - Reports -- Chapter 6: Social Disparities in Cancer Incidence Among Adults in Europe -- Background -- Cancers Associated with Low Socioeconomic Status.