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The article is devoted to the consideration of problems of legal expert examination of legal acts. One of the criteria for the effectiveness of a normative legal act as a basic element of legislation is its legal correctness. The dramatic changes that have taken place in Ukraine in recent years have significantly increased the role of legal means and mechanisms in the social and political life of the country. The effectiveness of transformations in the country aimed at forming civil society and the rule of law, strengthening the law and order depends on the perfection of the existing legal acts, their projects and the adoption of correct and legally justified decisions. Ensuring compliance with this criterion avoids inconsistencies in legislation and, as a consequence, ensures the unity of legal space. That is why legal expertise is a full-fledged tool for ensuring legal correctness and overcoming rulemaking, which requires a comprehensive analysis and comprehensive examination of the essence of legal expertise in the mechanism of legal regulation. The tasks that need to be addressed in the process of research on this issue can be attributed to: the study of the concept and features of legal expertise of draft normative legal acts, both in the legal literature, and the current and prospective legislation of Ukraine.

PurposeThis paper seeks to propose a framework for systematically investigating international advertising regulation; to provide an in‐depth understanding of the Chinese advertising regulation system; and to use China as a case study to examine how various global and local forces interact and negotiate the landscape of international advertising regulation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs historical analysis; and textual analysis to achieve its purpose.FindingsChinese advertising regulation relies largely on government regulation, and self‐regulation plays a much subdued and marginal role. The Chinese regulator aims to control the negative effects of advertising through rigorous regulation as well as certification and censorship programs, but its various advertising laws and regulations are invariably phrased in vague and general terms, so that enforcement and compliance become a major issue. The lack of autonomous trade and consumer organizations combined with minimal public participation in the system further reduces its transparency and effectiveness.Practical implicationsThe paper offers a detailed road‐map for advertising professionals to navigate the complex Chinese advertising regulation system.Originality/valueThe paper is the first English article to provide a systematic examination of Chinese advertising regulation.

According to the risk regulation model (S. L. Murray, J. G. Holmes, & N. L. Collins, 2006), people need to trust in their partner's regard before they risk interdependence. This study prospectively examines the association between perceived regard and levels of dependence in newlywed couples over 9 years of marriage. Analyses demonstrate that changes in perceived regard predict levels of dependence, changes in dependence do not predict perceived regard, and alternative explanations cannot account for these effects. Further, changes in perceived regard prospectively predict divorce, and levels of dependence mediate this association. Results are discussed in terms of the dependence regulation component of the risk regulation model.

This research used Bandura's social cognitive framework of self-regulation to examine functional group leadership. Antecedents and outcomes of leader goals and leadership self-efficacy (LSE) were central to this investigation. Leaders were 96 college students who led three-person teams on either a more simple or complex production task. Results indicated that LSE predicted leader goal levels, and together LSE and leader goals predicted task strategies communicated by leaders to group members. Most effects of LSE and leader goals on group outcomes were mediated by leader strategies. In addition, LSE was instrumental to the leader's maintenance of challenging goals when leaders confronted a complex task. Findings offered general support for extending Bandura's self-regulation model to group leadership task settings.

AbstractNational licensing examinations are typically large‐scale examinations taken early in a career or near the point of graduation, and, importantly, success is required to subsequently be able to practice. They are becoming increasingly popular as a method of quality assurance in the medical workforce, but debate about their contribution to patient safety and the improvement of healthcare outcomes continues.A systematic review of the national licensing examination literature demonstrates that there is disagreement between assessment experts about the strengths and challenges of licensing examinations. This is characterized by a trans‐Atlantic divide between the dominance of psychometric reliability assurance in North America and the wider interpretations of validity, to include consequences, in Europe. We conclude that the debate might benefit from refocusing to what a national licensing examination should assess: to achieve a balance between assessing a breadth of skills and the capacity for such skills in practice, and focusing less on reproducibility.

Examines the effectiveness of US food regulations on food safety with an eye toward determining the appropriateness of government intervention in the food market. The budgets of the Food & Drug Administration & US Dept of Agriculture are looked at, finding no causal relationship between funding increases & food-borne disease statistics as collected by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). An empirical examination reveals that the effects of four key food regulations in the areas of food-processing plant sanitation, food-product inspection, restaurant inspection, & consumer education are not discernible in the CDC statistics. It is argued that the theoretical basis for food safety regulation is fundamentally wanting. Further, the widely used cost-benefit analysis is based on flawed methods that wrongly indicate market failure, which in turn justifies further government intervention. Problems are found in measuring consumer demand food safety, use of disease burden as consumer demand, demand measurements, & the relationship between collective social goals & consumer demand.

The diverse system of corporate governance in some of the developed and the developing countries around the world has been studied. In most of the countries, the committees that are present in common are: audit committee, compensation and nominating committees. Boards are unitary in nature in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Establishment of remuneration committee became active after being insisted in Greenbury report in the U.K. There is either a unitary system of governance or two tier systems with the management committee and the supervisory committee. Two tier board structure has been followed in most of the firms in Germany. In Hong Kong there is an outsider system of governance with an insider mould. Family ownership is predominant in Hong Kong. Malaysian system of governance is insider-oriented and is controlled by the founding families. Board structure is one tier in nature. Governance code recommends a board with only independent directors in Malaysia especially nominating committee. India has a one tier board structure. Significant differences persist in the corporate governance practices of countries studied in this research paper.

This article analyzes the problems of examination of a normative legal act, ways to improve the effectiveness of legislation.