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In this paper the author points out to the importance of main organizations for establishing of international peace and security. They are the following: League of Nations, United Nations, Organizations of European Security and Co-operation, Conference of European Security and Co-operation, European Council, West European Union and NATO. Until the end of the Cold war, the universal organizations have played primordial role, but after the mentioned period the regional ones took the lead. The reason lies in the shift in balance of power - from bipolar to unipolar. The League of Nations and CESC can be observed from the historic perspective. NATO and UN played a crucial role during the internationalization of Kosovo issue and the act of intervention itself. NATO demonstrated its power and proved in the absence of real balance of power, la force l'emporte sur le droit. On the other hand, UN had passed several resolutions that condemned violence in Kosovo and Metohia (1160, 1199 and 1203 - all passed in 1998). During 1999 Security Council had passed a famous Resolution 1244, by which it was decided a civic and military mission should be established in Kosovo and Metohia - UNMIK and KFOR KFOR dealt with security issues in order to ensure the respect of it to all nationalities in Kosovo and Metohia. UNMIK set a very ambitious task lying ahead trying to establish standards before the future status. Realizing that it would be impossible to reach the standards, UNMIK started with the policy of status determination without standards establishing. The outcome of such policy is Ahtissari's Plan for supervised Independence of Kosovo, and finally the Declaration of Self-proclaimed Independence of Kosovo. We are also witnessing the transfer of horizontal and vertical effective state authorizations to the mentioned international organizations, bearing in mind problems it encounters. NATO deals with security issues, but European Union being unable to deal with such tasks (ESDP policy is to be as attempt), is more concentrated on economic issues.

After the Lisbon Treaty has entered into force, the process of concluding treaties between the EU and third countries or international organizations has sustained significant changes. The most important procedural novelty is the establishment of the ordinary procedure that covers almost all agreements the EU concludes with third parties. Under the Lisbon Treaty, this procedure involves a number of stages: negotiations, signing the agreement, and decision to conclude the agreement. For agreements whose subject matter exclusively or predominantly falls into the domain of common foreign and security policy, there are several derogations from the uniform rules of the ordinary procedure. The same provision of the founding treaty regulates the procedures for amending and suspending the agreement in force, as well as the judicial control procedure of those agreements that are yet to be concluded. The ordinary procedure does not cover two subject-specific proceedings pertaining to relatively narrow areas of EU action. More specifically, they refer to the conclusion of agreements in the area of common trade policy and agreements on the exchange rate of the Euro against the currencies of non-member states. The exclusion of trade agreements is probably the result of the differences that still exist in the division of competencies between the Member States and the EU regarding trade in the area of some services. On the other hand, the enactment of a special procedure for agreements on the Euro exchange rate in relation to the national currency rates of third countries stems from the need to ensure the Union's unique position in this field. On the institutional level, the most important actors in the process of concluding EU agreements are the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament. The Council has retained the central role in all types of treaty procedures, and it decides on essential issues related to the course and outcome of the process. The Commission has retained the major role in initiating and negotiating the agreements, but it is no longer the exclusive initiator and negotiator in the agreement process. Namely, depending on the subject of the treaty, new entrants in that role are the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament has strengthened its position in the procedure for concluding EU agreements and can, therefore, be considered the largest 'net' winner of the Lisbon Treaty reform. This is partly due to its new role in the course of negotiations, which implies the right to be immediately and fully informed about all stages of the proceedings, but to a much greater extent it refers to the powers that this body has in the final stage preceding the conclusion of the agreement. Finally, the EU Court of Justice has an important role in this process; its task is to control the compliance of the EU agreements with the founding treaties prior to their conclusion.

U sklopu internacionalizacije političke podrške porodici i roditeljstvu značajna uloga pripada međunarodnim organizacijama, kao što su Svetska banka, Organizacija za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj i Evropska unija. Cilj ovog rada predstavlja analiza konceptualizacije roditeljstva u zvaničnim dokumentima i relevantnim publikacijama ovih organizacija u poslednje dve decenije, kao i njene pedagoške implikacije razmatrane sa stanovišta kritičke teorije. Metodom analize sadržaja u istraživanju je utvrđeno da se roditeljstvo konceptualizuje kao skup veština usmerenih na postizanje predvidivih ishoda dečjeg razvoja. Roditeljske veštine sagledavaju se kao jedna vrsta socijalne investicije. Ulaganje u učenje roditeljskih veština donosi dugoročne koristi pojedincima i društvu koje prevazilaze inicijalne troškove. Iako se teorijska orijentacija ne eksplicira u međunarodnoj političkoj agendi, jasno se može zaključiti da je zasnovana na postavkama teorije ljudskog kapitala. Na osnovu obavljenog istraživanja može se konstatovati da roditeljska uloga u pomenutoj agendi ima ključni značaj u obezbeđivanju podsticajne sredine za učenje deteta i njegov ukupni budući prosperitet, nezavisno od sistemskih ili strukturnih karakteristika društva. Ona je višedimenzionalna i može se opisati kao: (a) instrumentalna, jer predstavlja ključni faktor rešavanja društvenih problema velikih razmera; fokus nije na inherentnoj vrednosti "biti roditelj", već na funkcionalnoj vrednosti – "obavljati posao roditelja"; (b) globalno normativno određena u smislu "pozitivnog" ili "dobrog" roditeljstva i (c) suštinski vulnerabilna, što znači da je svim roditeljima potrebna određena vrsta ekspertske podrške, a ne samo targetiranim grupama. Sa stanovišta kritičke teorije, pedagoška kritika ovih postavki dovodi u pitanje tendenciju instrumentalizacije, dekontekstualizacije i "profesionalizacije roditeljstva". ; Within internationalization of political support to family and parenting, significant role belongs to international organizations such as the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the European Union. The goal of this paper is the analysis of parenting conceptualization in official documents and relevant publications of these organizations. The parenting is conceptualized as the set of skills directed to fostering the predictable outcomes of children's development. The parenting skills are perceived as a type of social investment. The investment into learning parenting skills brings long-term benefits both to individuals and society, which surpass the initial costs. The significance of parenting competences is of a special importance in the period of early childhood and adolescence for two reasons. The first one is that there are critical periods in encouraging development of certain outcomes in children, and the second one is cumulativeness of learning process due to which the missed opportunities may decrease efficiency of future learning during life cycle. It is viewed that the parenting role is of crucial significance in providing a stimulating environment for a child's learning and his/her comprehensive future prosperity regardless of the system or structural characteristics of a society. It is multidimensional and can be described as: (a) instrumental, since it represents the key factor in resolving large-scale social problems. The focus is not on inherent value of "being a parent" but on functional value – "performing a job of a parent"; (b) normatively specified on the global level in the sense of "positive" or "good" parenting and (c) essentially vulnerable, which means that all parents need a certain type of professional support and not only the targeted groups. Pedagogical critique of these postulates questions the tendency of instrumentalisation, de-contextualization and "professionalization of parenting". ; Zbornik rezimea / 24. Međunarodna naučna konferencija "Pedagoška istraživanja i školska praksa ; Book of abstracts / 24th International Scientific Conference "Educational Research and School Practice"

The evaluation of professionals involved in Adult Education (AE) staff has acrucial role in European policies. Furthermore, the syntagm educationalwork is difficult to define because it concerns a variegated target of usersand an action which is played out in different contexts and for different purposes:the educational work is a complex "object to be evaluated" and theevaluation of the educational work requires different perspectives, methodsand practices. Thanks to EDUEVAL project (an EU project coordinatedby University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy: http://www.edueval.eu/), the AE staffEvaluator have been defined as a professional figure with different competences,having specific multi-functional characteristics to work in differentcontexts. In the study on the profile of the evaluator of AE staff and in designingthe ensuing training model, consideration has been given, on theone hand, to the theoretical framework which considers the specific professionalskills and competences of the evaluator; on the other hand, work wasperformed by recognizing the transversal professional skills and competencesof the evaluator, through consulting and study of the ESCO portal.EDUEVAL results help to fuel debates in matters of the professionalizationof evaluative practice. ; La valutazione dei professionisti che operano nel campo dell'Educazionedegli Adulti (EDA) riveste un ruolo cruciale nelle politiche europee. Tuttavia,il sintagma agire educativo è di difficile perimetrazione, in quantoriguarda un target plurimo di fruitori, con azioni declinate in differenti contestie per differenti scopi: il lavoro educativo rappresenta un complesso"oggetto da valutare" e la valutazione del lavoro educativo richiedeprospettive, metodi e pratiche plurime. Grazie al progetto europeo EDUEVAL(coordinato dall'Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca,http://www.edueval.eu/), si è contribuito alla definizione del valutatore deglistaff EDA come una figura professionale con spiccate caratteristiche di polifunzionalitàin grado di operare in vari ...

Effectiveness of the administrative system as a whole depends on the quality of its organization. The Organizational structure reflects functional dynamic of the public administration. On the other hand, functional requirements of efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative system determine organizational forms. The scope, character and nature of administrative actions require optimal and coordinated external (macro-organization) and internal (micro-organization) organizational structure, which will allow optimal functioning of an administrative system. Therefore, the organizational structure is not immutable category, because tasks and roles, activities and goals, are changing in the same government system and sometimes even the whole system, so it is necessary to change the administrative organization. Administrative organization is systemic (external and internal) open dynamic structure of state government agencies and other bodies and organizations with public (administrative) powers prescribed in the course of lawful relationships of dynamic interaction, based on the hierarchy or coordination, depending on the nature and objectives of administrative tasks. Current organization of the state administration has not been made according to the principles of modern management. It is a result of the political spoils system, and reflects the need for political control of the administrative departments. It lacks functional analysis and expert approach.

Европска унија представља по много чему специфичну међународну организацију. Њено основно и препознатљиво обележје је наднационалност у креирању и спровођењу јавних политика. Настала удруживањем ресурса угља и челика брзо је прерасла у зону слободне трговине и сарадњу држава чланица у питањима као што је атомска енергије. Европска интеграција од свог почетка до данас зна искључиво за проширење чланства и повећање броја области сарадње на добровољној основи. Да ли ће међународне околности у којима се ЕУ налази данас и односи са другим међународним организацијама одбрамбеног карактера допринети већој интеграцији држава чланица ЕУ у домену одбране основна је тема овог рада. Трагање за различитим сценаријима развоја заједничке безбедносне политике ЕУ зависи пре свега од међународне институционалне и безбедносне архитектуре у Европи и свету, историјско политичких трендова у развоју европске интеграције, правног оквира ЕУ и међународног стратегијског окружења. Савремене међународне организације, посебно оне са преовлађујућим обележјима наднационалности (у конкретном случају ЕУ) имају тенденцију да у области одбране и безбедности комбинују наднационална обележја са међувладиним у покушају да што ефективније искористе структуру организације за остваривање њених циљева и интереса, али без већег преноса надлежности са држава чланица на саму организацију. ; The European Union represents in many ways a specific international organization. Its basic and recognizable feature is that of supranational policy and decision making. It was created by pooling the resources of coal and steel which had quickly developed into a free trade zone and ever closer Union in many policy areas. European integration from its inception to the present days was all about expanding membership and increasing the number of areas of cooperation. Namely widening and deepening of the EU was on the agenda. Will the current international circumstances and relations with other international defense organizations contribute to deepening integration in the field of defense is to be researched in this work. Search for different scenarios in the development of EU Common Security and Defense policy depends primarily on the international institutional and security architecture in Europe and the world, the historical political trends in the development of European integration, the EU legal framework and international strategic environment. Contemporary international organizations, especially those with the prevailing supranational characteristics (in this case the EU) tend to combine intergovernmental and supranational approach in the area of defense and security in an effort to more effectively utilize the structure of the organization for the realization of its goals and interests, but without significant transfer of powers from Member States on the organization itself. The main goals and interests of the EU integration in the field of defense and security are to (1) ensure durable and everlasting peace among member states, (2) to address common security challenges, risks and threats autonomously or in cooperation with other States and/or international organizations, (3) pool and share resources leading to more effective achievement of military economic interests, mainly through the development and transfer of military technology and equipment. In addition to the mentioned goals and interests, (4) particular interests of the Member States would be to improve their own political, economic and military performance. EU Integration in the field of defense, may rest in the future on (1) the current state of integration (status quo), (2) progress in areas that are not conflicting with the individual interests of key actors in the European arena (3) the deepening of integration leading to progressive framing of common defense policy with an ultimate goal to establish common defense. (4) The fourth model is possible and has been seen in the other EU policy areas.

Apesar das diferenças estruturais e regulatórias que caracterizam as organizações internacionais individuais, a doutrina de hoje é unânime em afirmar a capacidade de cada organização de criar seu próprio sistema jurídico interno. A relação de trabalho dentro dessas organizações reproduz claramente muitas das características da relação de trabalho internas a um Estado e, embora haja uma falta de regras internacionais uniformes sobre o emprego, e cada organização internacional tenha absoluta autonomia jurídica e administrativa, é possível identificar certas obrigações e direitos dos funcionários internacionais que se replicam, de forma ampla e homogênea, na maioria das organizações. O artigo analisa resumidamente, em termos gerais, os direitos e deveres dos funcionários nacionais e internacionais, referindo-se aos "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" e examinando os regulamentos internos da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (ILO, na sigla em inglês) e do World Bank (WBG, em inglês) com foco na evolução do dever de confidencialidade, tanto em nível nacional como internacional. Com efeito, apesar da reversão drástica da tendência que tem caracterizado os Estados democráticos, conduzindo a uma reformulação restritiva do sigilo administrativo e do dever de confidencialidade, este dever ainda está muito vivo e continua a desempenhar um papel importante. Não parece, portanto, desarrazoado afirmar que, dada a substancial afinidade entre as disposições regulamentares em matéria de dever de confidencialidade, esta pode ser qualificada como um princípio geral. Por outro lado, o que representa um importante ponto de distinção entre os ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais e internacionais é a lógica que move os diversos legisladores na regulamentação desse dever. ; Despite the structural and regulatory differences that characterize individual international organizations, today's doctrine is unanimous in affirming the ability of each organization to create its own internal legal system. The employment relationship within these organizations clearly replicates many of the features of the employment relationship within a State and, although there is a lack of uniform international rules on employment and each international organization has absolute legal and administrative autonomy, it is nevertheless possible to identify certain obligations and rights of international civil servants which replicate in most organizations, in a broad homogeneous way. The paper briefly analyzes, in general terms, the rights and duties of national and international civil servants referring to the "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" and examining the internal regulations of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank Group (WBG) focusing on the evolution of the duty of confidentiality, both on a national and international level. Indeed, despite the drastic reversal of the trend which has characterized democratic States leading to a restrictive reformulation of administrative secrecy and the duty of confidentiality, this duty is still very much alive and continues to play an important role. Therefore, it does not seem unreasonable to claim that, on the one hand, given the substantial affinity between the regulatory provisions on the duty of confidentiality, this can be classified as a general principle. On the other hand, what represents an important point of distinction between national and international legal systems is the logic that moves the different legislators in the regulation of this duty. ; Nonostante le differenze strutturali e normative che caratterizzano le singole organizzazioni internazionali, la dottrina odierna è unanime nell'affermare la capacità di ciascuna di creare un proprio ordinamento giuridico interno. Il rapporto di impiego nell'ambito di tali organizzazioni replica in modo evidente molte caratteristiche tipiche del rapporto di impiego nell'ambito statale e, sebbene manchi una disciplina uniforme dell'impiego internazionale e ciascuna organizzazione internazionale vanti assoluta autonomia giuridica ed amministrativa, è tuttavia possibile individuare alcuni obblighi e diritti dei funzionari presenti, in modo sostanzialmente omogeneo, nella maggior parte delle organizzazioni. Il paper analizza brevemente, in termini generali, i diritti e i doveri dei funzionari nazionali e internazionali, facendo riferimento agli "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" ed esaminando le normative interne dell'Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro (acronimo ILO in inglese) e del World Bank Group (WBG), mettendo in evidenza, in particolare, l'evoluzione che ha caratterizzato il dovere di riservatezza gravante sui dipendenti pubblici, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale. Infatti, a fronte della drastica inversione di tendenza che ha caratterizzato gli ordinamenti degli Stati democratici, il dovere di riservatezza è stato sicuramente riformulato in termini più restrittivi, ma sopravvive e continua a giocare un ruolo importante. Non sembra, perciò, irragionevole affermare che, da un lato, in ragione della sostanziale affinità tra le previsioni normative in tema di dovere di riservatezza, questo possa essere qualificato come un principio generale. Ciò che, invece, rappresenta un importante punto di distinzione tra gli ordinamenti nazionali e internazionali è la ratio che muove i vari legislatori nel disciplinare tale dovere.

The issue of the Constitution in the contemporary history of Morocco as ideas and a system of laws, reflecting the political transformations that Morocco has known since independence, it is mainly related to linking the production of the Constitution to the development of concepts and institutions and their relationship to democratic construction and the establishment of a modern state in the time of independence, as well as constitutional amendments reflect the transformations known in Moroccan society, At the political or social level, the shift towards building a democratic society, the emergence of civil society and human rights organizations in the national political arena, in addition to demanding political and constitutional reforms. The research project reflects the development of the executive power in successive Moroccan constitutions, up to the 2011 constitution, with a legal comparison between the powers and competencies of the head of state with the powers and competencies of the prime minister (Head of Government), and highlighting the transformations experienced in this area in the constitutions (1962-1970-1972-1992-1996), the accumulations that led to the distribution contained in the 2011 Constitution, and the problems of practice during the previous government mandate. Considering that the existing constitutional problem in Morocco was raised primarily at the level of the Constitution of the Organization of Authorities, and in particular the dominant role that the Royal Institution has continued to play towards other institutions, it seems that the new Constitutional Document did not provide what could establish a new type of relationship between the Institution. The monarchy and other institutions, therefore, continued to perpetuate the centrality of the monarchy and its dominance over political life. Whether as the "Commander of the Faithful" or "Head of State", the King retained wide and effective competencies and powers that would allow him to remain the center of the political system and the main determinant of his orientations and decisions, and even added new powers. In addition to the availability of (reserved field) makes it a monopoly of the right of initiative in five strategic areas: religious, military, external, judicial and security, the presence of (partner) in some other competencies, does not prevent him from having The last word, as reflected in the continued subordination of the government to him, and continued interference in the work of Parliament. Moreover, giving him the power to amend the constitution through direct recourse to parliament, along with other possibilities shared with the prime minister and the parliament, makes him control and even monopolize the sub-constituent authority. His presidency of a number of constitutional institutions would further entrench his role as a "hub for institutional and political life" and would contradict the result (the imbalances of the political and institutional paths in the past, which necessitated a redefinition of the roles and functions of the royal institution to serve it. Ballot boxes, not a substitute for them, to ensure balance and separation of powers, and avoid assigning roles incompatible with each other to the same institution). Although the constitution has strengthened the powers of the government and reconsidered the nature of its installation and composition, especially when its president has been immune from the possibility of direct dismissal, it generally remains hostage to the royal will. It is clear that the provisions of Article 47 make the King retain great authority over the members of the government, both in terms of appointment and exemption, and his presidency of the Council of Ministers, which is still a necessary crossing for a number of issues makes him in control of the government's choices and directions, and initiatives Its president, and thus becomes, the actual head of the executive, the primary determinant of the general policy of the state. The study of the 2011 Constitution, especially the executive, is of great importance for several considerations, as it is considered an authority directly related to public policies, as it reflects the local community to which it belongs and represents it in many aspects. Therefore, the study of the executive authority and the perception of the characteristics and mechanisms that control relations between its elements, An important aspect that this research seeks to highlight. The importance of this subject lies in reading the constitutional revisions and the impact of national and international changes in their visibility, with a focus on the context of the Arab Spring, which resulted in the new constitutional review. It also seeks to reveal the relationship between the Royal Institution and the Prime Minister's Institution and the gradual transfer of government competencies in order to find the balances required for the continuation of the performance of its roles as required, and read the past government experience as a constituent mandate, being the first government under the new constitution.

At head of title: 1911- Institut international d'agriculture; Organisation des nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article contains a review of the literature dealing with the attitudes ofemployers that need to hire an employee with disabilities within their organizations.The articles were selected using some databases (such as ERIC and Psych-Lit) through the introduction of several keywords: "attitudes of employers","employees with disabilities" combined with the terms "recruitmentprocess", "reasonable accommodation" and "supported employment". Wesubsequently restricted the period of the researches between 2000 and2014. The main results were synthesized around some broad categories:personal characteristics of employers (perceptions about the legislation,emotional reactions, obstacles and concerns), characteristics of the organization(type of the activity and methods of recruitment) and characteristicsof the worker (physical, intellectual or acquired disabilities). ; L'articolo racchiude la revisione della letteratura che tratta degli atteggiamentidei datori di lavoro che devono assumere un dipendente con disabilitàall'interno delle loro organizzazioni.Gli articoli sono stati selezionati all'interno di alcuni database (come ERIC ePsychLit) attraverso l'introduzione di diverse parole chiave: "atteggiamentidei datori di lavoro", "dipendenti con disabilità" combinate con i termini"processo d'assunzione", "accomodamento ragionevole" e "supported employment".Successivamente è stato ristretto l'arco temporale al periodo ditempo compreso tra l'anno 2000 e il 2014. I principali risultati della revisionesono stati sintetizzati attorno ad alcune grandi categorie: caratteristichepersonali dei datori di lavoro (percezioni circa la normativa, reazioni emotive,ostacoli e preoccupazioni), caratteristiche dell'organizzazione (tipologiadi organizzazione e modalità di reclutamento) e caratteristiche del lavoratore(disabilità di tipo fisico, intellettivo o acquisita).