Suchergebnisse

The paper is dealing with the role of energy security questions within EU–Russia relations, particularly in the context of their import–export interdepedence. The article is concentrating on the oil and gas sectors as this two branches play crucial role in EU–Russia energy relations. The paper is also analyzing the importance of Russian oil and gas sectors for the Russian economic security in general. By describing the problems of those two sectors, author is showing on the one hand threats for further Russian economic development and on the other hand risk for EU energetic security. Since EU is the biggest consumer of Russian energy resources and Russia is the biggest supplier of EU energy resources, problems of Russian energy sector strongly influence EU energy security. The article is analyzing this interdependencies.

The aim of the paper is to assess the place of the European Union (and its individual countries) in the global value chain (GVC) in years 1995–2011. The analysis is mainly based on the index figure called the rate of participation in global value chain. It was calculated based on data drawn from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD). GVC participation rate indicates the share of a country's export that is a part of multi-stage trade process. It is composed of the foreign value added in a country's own export (upward/backward linkages) and the value added supplied to other countries' export (downward/forward linkages). The participation rate is a useful indicator of the extent to which a country's export is integrated into international production networks. The research results show that the foreign value added share in the EU export increased by 9 p.p. in the period in question. The new EU member states experienced a notably greater growth in foreign value added share in export than the UE-15. The major beneficiaries were: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. The main reason for that progress was a dynamically growing participation of these countries in the production fragmentation process.

The subject of the article is the assessment of the impact of international
corporations' activities on the development of Polish commodity
exports against the background of Central European countries in 2004–2018. The detailed analysis covers changes in the value, dynamics, product and geographical structure of exports, the importance of foreign subsidiaries of international corporations in creating export potential and the share of foreign value added in gross exports. The conducted analysis showed a high degree of dependence of Polish exports, as well as those of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia on the operations of foreign subsidiaries of international corporations. Their share in
the total exports exceeded 50% during the analyzed period, and 85% in the exports of cars and trucks, pharmaceuticals, tobacco products, computers, electronic and optical devices. An important factor in the development of exports is the phenomenon of international fragmentation of production processes. It causes an increase in
trade turnover in subassemblies and intermediate goods. We can estimate the scale of production fragmentation by measuring the share of foreign value added in gross exports. The highest share of foreign value added occurred in the exports of Hungary and Slovakia and exceeded 40%. In Poland, foreign value added accounted for around 27% of gross exports. In all analyzed countries, foreign value added came mainly from the European Union countries, especially from Germany. In recent years, the share of intermediate goods imported from China has also been growing.

Economic history is an interdisciplinary science, developing in the contact between history and economics, although this kind of studies often needs to refer to the achievements of other disciplines. In the economic history research it seems to be inspiring to use for example economic methods. The aim of this article is to present the results of statistical analysis which was about selected aspects of the Polish foreign trade in the interwar period. The data are obtained from 'The Small Statistical Yearbook' for years 1930–1939 and cover the period 1922–1939. The tests were conducted using statistical program 'Gretl' and the results were confronted with the selected literature. The analysis concerned the following dependences: import and export in Poland; import and domestic trade turnover in Poland; export and domestic trade turnover in Poland; Polish global import and import through the port of Gdynia; Polish global import and import through the port of Gdansk; Polish global export and export through the port of Gdynia; Polish global export and export through the port of Gdansk. There were also researched: the share of import through the ports of Gdynia and Gdansk in Polish global import, the share of export through the ports of Gdynia and Gdansk in Polish global export, the commodity composition of Polish import and export. For that purpose there were constructed the simple econometric models, based on the method, which is Pearson correlation coefficient. There were used basic descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean and median) and constructed the corresponding graphs and tables.

- Das Dilemma der Inflation + Aus dem Inhalt: + - Kurs der polnischen Währung und Devisen + - Restrukturierung des polnischen Exports + - Reorientierung des Außenhandels an dem RGW-Markt + - Relation Import-Produktion-Export + - Außenhandelsstruktur

The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of the federal and state level institutions in shaping and implementing American trade policy, as well as to verify the assumptions of the National Export Initiative implemented in 2010 by the Barack Obama administration which intended to activate state level institutions in the area of trade. The goal of the article is to answer two basic research questions: What is the role of the federal and state level institutions in shaping and implementing trade policy in the United States? Has the role of the state level increased in the decision-making process and the implementation of trade policy after the adoption of the National Export Initiative in 2010? Answers to the above questions will allow verification of the adopted hypothesis, which indicates that, despite its assumptions, the National Export Initiative has not increased the role of the state level institutions in shaping and implementing trade policy. To conduct a reliable analysis, the following article structure was adopted. The first part presents the general methodological and analytical assumption. The second discusses the institutional and legal framework that shapes the distribution of competences in the US system, paying particular attention to trade policy issues. Part three analyzes the state level activities in a practical dimension after the adoption of the National Export Initiative. The summary of the article will contain conclusions in the form of answers to the questions posed, which will allow to verify the hypothesis.

Artykuł systematyzuje stan badań nad zagadnieniem embarga strategicznego stosowanego przez państwa zrzeszone w Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls wobec państw komunistycznych w dobie zimnej wojny. Zostały scharakteryzowane zasoby archiwalne oraz wskazane nowe możliwe perspektywy badawcze. Na przykładzie PRL omówiona została amerykańska polityka udzielania tzw. wyjątków na sprzedaż dóbr podwójnego (cywilnego i wojskowego) zastosowania państwom RWPG. Ponadto wykorzystano dokumenty wywiadu polskiego, prezentujące rozbieżności w łonie państw CoCom na tle sprzedaży nowych technologii do ZSRR i pozostałych państw bloku komunistycznego. The article systematises the current state of research into the question of strategic embargo imposed by the member states of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls against the communist states during the Cold War. The author characterises the archival material and indicates new research perspectives. On the example of the Polish People's Republic, he discusses the American policy of granting exceptions for the sale of the so-called "dual-use goods" (strategic goods of military and civil application) to the COMECON states. In addition, documents of Polish intelligence have been used that present discrepancies between the COCOM states on the sale of new technologies to the USSR and other states of the communist bloc. ; Artykuł systematyzuje stan badań nad zagadnieniem embarga strategicznego stosowanego przez państwa zrzeszone w Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls wobec państw komunistycznych w dobie zimnej wojny. Zostały scharakteryzowane zasoby archiwalne oraz wskazane nowe możliwe perspektywy badawcze. Na przykładzie PRL omówiona została amerykańska polityka udzielania tzw. wyjątków na sprzedaż dóbr podwójnego (cywilnego i wojskowego) zastosowania państwom RWPG. Ponadto wykorzystano dokumenty wywiadu polskiego, prezentujące rozbieżności w łonie państw CoCom na tle sprzedaży nowych technologii do ZSRR i pozostałych państw bloku komunistycznego. The article systematises the current state of research into the question of strategic embargo imposed by the member states of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls against the communist states during the Cold War. The author characterises the archival material and indicates new research perspectives. On the example of the Polish People's Republic, he discusses the American policy of granting exceptions for the sale of the so-called "dual-use goods" (strategic goods of military and civil application) to the COMECON states. In addition, documents of Polish intelligence have been used that present discrepancies between the COCOM states on the sale of new technologies to the USSR and other states of the communist bloc.

Artykuł systematyzuje stan badań nad zagadnieniem embarga strategicznego stosowanego przez państwa zrzeszone w Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls wobec państw komunistycznych w dobie zimnej wojny. Zostały scharakteryzowane zasoby archiwalne oraz wskazane nowe możliwe perspektywy badawcze. Na przykładzie PRL omówiona została amerykańska polityka udzielania tzw. wyjątków na sprzedaż dóbr podwójnego (cywilnego i wojskowego) zastosowania państwom RWPG. Ponadto wykorzystano dokumenty wywiadu polskiego, prezentujące rozbieżności w łonie państw CoCom na tle sprzedaży nowych technologii do ZSRR i pozostałych państw bloku komunistycznego. The article systematises the current state of research into the question of strategic embargo imposed by the member states of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls against the communist states during the Cold War. The author characterises the archival material and indicates new research perspectives. On the example of the Polish People's Republic, he discusses the American policy of granting exceptions for the sale of the so-called "dual-use goods" (strategic goods of military and civil application) to the COMECON states. In addition, documents of Polish intelligence have been used that present discrepancies between the COCOM states on the sale of new technologies to the USSR and other states of the communist bloc. ; Artykuł systematyzuje stan badań nad zagadnieniem embarga strategicznego stosowanego przez państwa zrzeszone w Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls wobec państw komunistycznych w dobie zimnej wojny. Zostały scharakteryzowane zasoby archiwalne oraz wskazane nowe możliwe perspektywy badawcze. Na przykładzie PRL omówiona została amerykańska polityka udzielania tzw. wyjątków na sprzedaż dóbr podwójnego (cywilnego i wojskowego) zastosowania państwom RWPG. Ponadto wykorzystano dokumenty wywiadu polskiego, prezentujące rozbieżności w łonie państw CoCom na tle sprzedaży nowych technologii do ZSRR i pozostałych państw bloku komunistycznego. The article systematises the current state of research into the question of strategic embargo imposed by the member states of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls against the communist states during the Cold War. The author characterises the archival material and indicates new research perspectives. On the example of the Polish People's Republic, he discusses the American policy of granting exceptions for the sale of the so-called "dual-use goods" (strategic goods of military and civil application) to the COMECON states. In addition, documents of Polish intelligence have been used that present discrepancies between the COCOM states on the sale of new technologies to the USSR and other states of the communist bloc.

The goal of this article is to show the role of the production sector in the economy of Latvia. The authors carried out the comparative analysis of the implementation of the production policy in the Baltic States. The methodology assumes the system approach to problem solving, providing unity of the following qualitative and quantitative methods: Monographic document analysis method (makes it possible to carry out a detailed study based on the extensive scientific literature review and law); Statistical research method. The authors of the article also used the cross correlation analysis (correlation analysis, regression analysis) to study the concept of production policy, its objectives and types, as well as pay special attention to the transformation of the definition of ―the production policy‖ in the modern economy. A comparative analysis of implementation of the Europe 2020 program in the Baltic States and its main indicators was also carried out. The implementation of the production policy was examined: export – import operations in the industry and the level of salaries. Using econometric methods (correlation of Spearman, Pearson and tau Kendall) the authors have shown the relationship between the investments in research and development, the level of salaries and export – import operations in the production sector.