Suchergebnisse

У статті розлянуто питання імітаційного моделювання впливу випадкових зовнішніх збурень на рух військової гусеничної машини, зокрема випадкову зміну параметрів покриття, по якому здійснюється рух. З використанням методу зворотнього перетворення побудовано алгоритм отримання масиву випадкових значень коефіцієнтів опору прямолінійному рухові та повороту. Запропонований алгоритм дозволяє підвищити адекватність імітаційної моделі збуреного руху військової гусеничної машини та може бути використаний під час досліджень, спрямованих на вдосконалення елементів трансмісій та силових установок військових гусеничних машин ; This article is dedicated to the study of the simulation modeling of random external perturbation influence on the military tracked vehicles movement, including accidental changes of the ground surface characteristics. Despite the significant amount of work which has been done in the field of simulation modeling regarding the perturbed motion of the tracked vehicles, the modeling of the ground surface characteristics changes needs additional consideration. The purpose of this work is to construct a simulation of random changes of the ground surface characteristics during the military tracked vehicles movement.

This article is dedicated to the study of the simulation modeling of random external perturbation influence on the military tracked vehicles movement, including accidental changes of the ground surface characteristics. Despite the significant amount of work which has been done in the field of simulation modeling regarding the perturbed motion of the tracked vehicles, the modeling of the ground surface characteristics changes needs additional consideration. The purpose of this work is to construct a simulation of random changes of the ground surface characteristics during the military tracked vehicles movement. Based on the inverse-transform method has been proposed an algorithm to obtain an array of random coefficients of resistance to the linear motion and rotation. The obtained random data has been used in the mathematical model of tracked vehicles to specify torque parameters on the driving wheels of right and left side of tracked vehicles, which are required to move on a defined path. Used as a random variables the empirical coefficients of the linear motion and rotation resistance also take into account the microprofile of ground surface that helps to adjust and at the same time to reduce the simulation complexity of tracked vehicles perturbed motion. Distribution functions of random values for the ground surface characteristics are simpler compared to the functions that describe a random change of only the ground surface microprofile. The results show that the algorithm can improve the accuracy of the simulation of tracked military vehicles perturbed motion and could be useful for studies aimed at improving the transmission elements and power units of military tracked vehicles ; В статье рассмотрен вопрос имитационного моделирования влияния случайных внешних возмущений на движение военной гусеничной машины, в частности случайное изменение характеристик опорной поверхности по которой совершается движение. С использованием метода обратного преобразования построен алгоритм получения массива случайных значений коэффициентов сопротивления прямолинейному движению и повороту. Предложенный алгоритм позволяет уточнить имитационную модель возмущённого движения военной гусеничной машины и может быть использован во время исследований, направленных на усовершенствование элементов трансмиссий и силовых установок военных гусеничных машин ; У статті розлянуто питання імітаційного моделювання впливу випадкових зовнішніх збурень на рух військової гусеничної машини, зокрема випадкову зміну параметрів покриття, по якому здійснюється рух. З використанням методу зворотнього перетворення побудовано алгоритм отримання масиву випадкових значень коефіцієнтів опору прямолінійному рухові та повороту. Запропонований алгоритм дозволяє підвищити адекватність імітаційної моделі збуреного руху військової гусеничної машини та може бути використаний під час досліджень, спрямованих на вдосконалення елементів трансмісій та силових установок військових гусеничних машин

This article is dedicated to the study of the simulation modeling of random external perturbation influence on the military tracked vehicles movement, including accidental changes of the ground surface characteristics. Despite the significant amount of work which has been done in the field of simulation modeling regarding the perturbed motion of the tracked vehicles, the modeling of the ground surface characteristics changes needs additional consideration. The purpose of this work is to construct a simulation of random changes of the ground surface characteristics during the military tracked vehicles movement. Based on the inverse-transform method has been proposed an algorithm to obtain an array of random coefficients of resistance to the linear motion and rotation. The obtained random data has been used in the mathematical model of tracked vehicles to specify torque parameters on the driving wheels of right and left side of tracked vehicles, which are required to move on a defined path. Used as a random variables the empirical coefficients of the linear motion and rotation resistance also take into account the microprofile of ground surface that helps to adjust and at the same time to reduce the simulation complexity of tracked vehicles perturbed motion. Distribution functions of random values for the ground surface characteristics are simpler compared to the functions that describe a random change of only the ground surface microprofile. The results show that the algorithm can improve the accuracy of the simulation of tracked military vehicles perturbed motion and could be useful for studies aimed at improving the transmission elements and power units of military tracked vehicles ; В статье рассмотрен вопрос имитационного моделирования влияния случайных внешних возмущений на движение военной гусеничной машины, в частности случайное изменение характеристик опорной поверхности по которой совершается движение. С использованием метода обратного преобразования построен алгоритм получения массива случайных значений коэффициентов сопротивления прямолинейному движению и повороту. Предложенный алгоритм позволяет уточнить имитационную модель возмущённого движения военной гусеничной машины и может быть использован во время исследований, направленных на усовершенствование элементов трансмиссий и силовых установок военных гусеничных машин ; У статті розлянуто питання імітаційного моделювання впливу випадкових зовнішніх збурень на рух військової гусеничної машини, зокрема випадкову зміну параметрів покриття, по якому здійснюється рух. З використанням методу зворотнього перетворення побудовано алгоритм отримання масиву випадкових значень коефіцієнтів опору прямолінійному рухові та повороту. Запропонований алгоритм дозволяє підвищити адекватність імітаційної моделі збуреного руху військової гусеничної машини та може бути використаний під час досліджень, спрямованих на вдосконалення елементів трансмісій та силових установок військових гусеничних машин

Collaborative natural resource management institutions enable agents with diverse interests to come together to solve complex problems. These actors must overcome a series of collective action problems to create, maintain, and evolve these institutions. In addition to the challenge of heterogeneous actors, these commons social-ecological systems often face internal and external threats or disturbances. The institutional arrangements may be effective with problems that are internal to a social-ecological system – ones that they are designed to handle, but how do these arrangements cope with external disturbances, especially ones caused by large-scale political and economic decisions, events, and processes. Using ethnographic and archival data we conduct an institutional analysis outlining the existing and emerging collaboratives, the important actors, and ongoing efforts to cope with the five major challenges identified by rangeland actors. We trace the evolution of institutions on the western range with a focus on their ability to cope with challenges that are largely within the system – biodiversity, fire, and water management, and those that are driven externally by actors who are largely absent – border militarization and violence and exurbanization.

Against the background of the international debt problem which originated with the oil shocks of the seventies, this book undertakes a theoretical analysis of the factors determining aggregate external debt, using the example of a raw material importing country. Instead of the usual static definition of the trade balance as the difference between the value of exports and imports in a single period, here an intertemporal approach is used with a country's current account balance determined as the difference between aggregate saving and aggregate net investment, variables which are primarily dependent on expectations about the future. The analysis is based on microeconomic optimization models which enables individual causal relationships to be presented in a detailed way, the "optimal" size of external debt to be determined and the desirability of an immediate adjustment in the level of debt following an external disturbance to be shown from a welfare point of view

Collaborative natural resource management institutions enable agents with diverse interests to come together to solve complex problems. These actors must overcome a series of collective action problems to create, maintain, and evolve these institutions. In addition to the challenge of heterogeneous actors, these commons social-ecological systems often face internal and external threats or disturbances. The institutional arrangements may be effective with problems that are internal to a social-ecological system – ones that they are designed to handle, but how do these arrangements cope with external disturbances, especially ones caused by large-scale political and economic decisions, events, and processes. Using ethnographic and archival data we conduct an institutional analysis outlining the existing and emerging collaboratives, the important actors, and ongoing efforts to cope with the five major challenges identified by rangeland actors. We trace the evolution of institutions on the western range with a focus on their ability to cope with challenges that are largely within the system – biodiversity, fire, and water management, and those that are driven externally by actors who are largely absent – border militarization and violence and exurbanization.

Managing the nonlethal effects of disturbance on wildlife populations has been a long-term goal for decision makers, managers, and ecologists, and assessment of these effects is currently required by European Union and United States legislation. However, robust assessment of these effects is challenging. The management of human activities that have nonlethal effects on wildlife is a specific example of a fundamental ecological problem: how to understand the population-level consequences of changes in the behavior or physiology of individual animals that are caused by external stressors. In this study, we review recent applications of a conceptual framework for assessing and predicting these consequences for marine mammal populations. We explore the range of models that can be used to formalize the approach and we identify critical research gaps. We also provide a decision tree that can be used to select the most appropriate model structure given the available data. Synthesis and applications: The implementation of this framework has moved the focus of discussion of the management of nonlethal disturbances on marine mammal populations away from a rhetorical debate about defining negligible impact and toward a quantitative understanding of long-term population-level effects. Here we demonstrate the frameworks general applicability to other marine and terrestrial systems and show how it can support integrated modeling of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that regulate trait-mediated, indirect interactions in ecological communities, that is, the nonconsumptive effects of a predator or stressor on a species behavior, physiology, or life history.