Suchergebnisse

FEDERAL BUDGET CONTROL: A BALANCED BUDGET AMENDMENT OR STATUTORY LIMITS? -- FEDERAL BUDGET CONTROL: A BALANCED BUDGET AMENDMENT OR STATUTORY LIMITS? -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 A BALANCED BUDGET CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT: BACKGROUND AND CONGRESSIONAL OPTIONS -- SUMMARY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- The Deficit as an Issue -- The Call for a Balanced Budget Amendment -- The Debate in Recent Decades -- II. THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT APPROACH -- Arguments of Proponents -- Arguments of Opponents -- Concerns an Amendment Would Need to Address

Intro -- THE FEDERAL BUDGET 2013 AND BEYOND -- THE FEDERAL BUDGET 2013 AND BEYOND -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE FEDERAL BUDGET: ISSUES FOR FY2013 AND BEYOND -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW -- Budget Cycle -- Budget Baseline Projections -- Spending and Revenue Trends -- Federal Spending -- Federal Revenue -- Deficits, Debt, and Interest -- Budget Deficits -- Federal Debt and Debt Limit -- Net Interest -- BUDGETING IN TOUGH ECONOMIC TIMES -- Federal Responses to the Economic Downturn -- Budget Deficit Estimates for FY2012 -- Budget for FY2013 -- Obama Administration's FY2013 Budget -- What Do These Baselines Reflect? -- Major FY2013 Budget Proposals -- Congressional Consideration of the FY2013 Budget Resolution -- CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESS -- Addressing the Budget Deficit -- Tax Provisions -- Budget Control Act of 2011 -- Other Short-Term Considerations -- General Budget Issues -- Budget Transparency -- Long-Term Considerations -- APPENDIX. BUDGET DOCUMENTS -- CBO Documents -- OMB Documents -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 REDUCING THE BUDGET DEFICIT: POLICY ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT POLICY CHANGES HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO REDUCE THE DEFICIT SO FAR? -- HOW LARGE ARE PROJECTED DEFICITS UNDER CURRENT POLICY? -- WHY ARE DEFICITS PROJECTED TO DECLINE? -- HOW MUCH DEFICIT REDUCTION IS NECESSARY? -- HOW QUICKLY SHOULD THE DEFICIT BE REDUCED? -- POLICY OPTIONS FOR DEFICIT REDUCTION -- Federal Spending -- Discretionary Spending -- Mandatory Spending -- Revenues -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 THE BUDGET CONTROL ACT OF 2011: EFFECTS ON SPENDING LEVELS AND THE BUDGET DEFICIT -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- STATUTORY LIMITS ON DISCRETIONARY SPENDING -- What Happens to Discretionary Spending Under the BCA Relative to Historical Trends? -- Comparing Discretionary Savings Relative to Other Measures

This volume explores the topics relating to the federal budget of the United States by presenting varied expert opinions that examine many of the different aspects that comprise these issues. The viewpoints are selected from a wide range of highly respected and often hard-to-find sources and publications. Allows the reader to attain the higher-level critical thinking and reading skills that are essential in a culture of diverse and contradictory opinions

Intro -- THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS: AN INTRODUCTION -- THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS: AN INTRODUCTION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FEDERALBUDGET PROCESS -- SUMMARY -- THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERAL BUDGETING -- BASIC CONCEPTS OF FEDERAL BUDGETING -- Budget Authority and Outlays -- Scope of the Budget -- Deficit Reduction and the Rules of Congressional Budgeting -- BUDGETING FOR DISCRETIONARY AND DIRECT SPENDING -- BUDGETING FOR DIRECT AND GUARANTEED LOANS -- THE BUDGET CYCLE -- THE PRESIDENTIAL BUDGET PROCESS -- Formulation and Content of the President's Budget -- Executive Interaction with Congress -- THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS -- Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution -- Budget Resolution Enforcement -- Budget Resolution Aggregates -- Allocations of Spending to Committees -- Scoring and Cost Estimates -- Points of Order -- THE SEQUESTRATION PROCESS -- SPENDING LEGISLATION -- Authorizing Measures -- The Annual Appropriations Process -- REVENUE LEGISLATION -- DEBT-LIMIT LEGISLATION -- RECONCILIATION LEGISLATION -- Reconciliation Directives -- Development and Consideration of Reconciliation Measures -- HOUSE AND SENATE EARMARK DISCLOSURE RULES -- House of Representatives -- The Senate -- IMPOUNDMENT AND LINE-ITEM VETO -- Impoundment -- Rescissions -- Deferrals -- Line-Item Veto -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 THE EXECUTIVE BUDGET PROCESS:AN OVERVIEW -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESIDENT'S BUDGET -- Initial Preparation of Agency Budget Requests -- OMB Review of Agency Budget Requests -- SUBMISSION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PRESIDENT'S BUDGET -- Composition of the President's Budget Submission to Congress -- Supplements and Revisions to the President's Budget Request -- Agency Budget Requests and Justifications -- Statements of Administration Policy and OtherPresidential Actions

The Federal budget 2006-2007 presented in the National Assembly is totaled at PKR 1315 billion. This is 19.7% higher than the Federal Budget 2005-2006. For FY06, the revised fiscal deficit was PKR 328 billon. This is expected to increase to about PKR 394 billion in FY07. This, it is estimated will approximate 4.5 percent of the GDP. It is assumed that the government will achieve a growth rate target of 7 percent and inflation target of 6.5 percent during FY 2006 – 2007.

With new proposals and development initiatives, the government aims to maintain the momentum of economic growth. There is emphasis on keeping poverty and job losses to a minimum with no new taxes, expansion of social protection schemes, and increase in salaries. Initiatives to protect both formal and informal Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been announced in view of the stresses faced by private enterprises amid COVID-19.

Editors' Note: The following material is taken, with permission of the author, from the first chapter of The Brookings Institution's Setting National Priorities: The 1983 Budget.