Southeast Asia's earliest states emerged during the first millennium A.D. from the Irawaddy River of Myanmar to the Red River delta of northern Vietnam. Developments during this time laid the groundwork for the florescence of the region's later and better-known civilizations such as Angkor and Pagan. Yet disciplinary and language barriers have thus far precluded an anthropological synthesis of cultural developments during this time. This review uses a landscape focus to synthesize current knowledge of mainland Southeast Asia's earliest states, which emerged in the first millennium A.D. Research from archaeology and history illuminates articulations between physical and social factors in several kinds of Early Southeast Asian landscapes: economic, urban, and political. Social and ideological forces that shaped these first-millennium-A.D. landscapes are discussed as integral aspects of early state formation.
В многочисленных трудах имеются попутные оговорки относительно истории савиров, однако они посвящены соседним племенам гуннам, хазарам, болгарам и т.д. В статье предпринята попытка проследить краткую историю савиров. Работа опирается на классические письменные источники I тысячелетия н.э. ; In the numerous works there are different notes concerning the Savirs. However, in general, the works are about their neighboring peoples, namely the Huns, the Khazars, the Byzantines, etc. The present article contains the first attempt of a consistent review of a brief chronology of the history of the Savirs. The work is based on the classical written sources of the first millennium A.D. and the present fundamental works. In the middle of the second century the Zavapoi were mentioned by Ptolemy in the Caucasus lower than the Aorses and Pagyrites. In the early period of the history of the Caucasus the ancestors of the Chuvashes were often confused with other tribesmen, primarily with the Huns. Since the fifth century it became more clear, when the Savirs being among the active participants of the Perso-Byzantine wars were involved in the interaction with the Persians, Eastern Romans, Ugric tribes, Avars, Armenians, Alans and the Lazs. Stephanus of Byzantium wrote in the fifth century about sapirs/savirs that inhabited the Akampis (Chorokh) River between Colchis and Persia. "From this region the Huns, like a fruitful root of bravest races, sprouted into two hordes of people. Some of these are called the Altziagiri, others the Sabiri; and they have different dwelling places", Jordanes wrote about the core tribes of the Hunn confederation. In fact, the number of Huns among their army was not so big. There were, overwhelmingly, their allies and subjugated tribes. After the death of Attila in 453 and the following division of the Hun union into the independent tribes, the Savir confederation dominated in the Caucasus. The Onogur state disintegrated and then was replaced by the new military-political formation headed by the Savirs. It also included the remains of the Huns and the Bulgars. In 463 the Savirs attacked the Saragurs, the Urogs and the Onogurs. Such an activity of the Savirs was affected by the Avar invasion. As for the Avars, they were under the pressure of the tribes living in the coastal region. The Saragurs, in their turn, invaded the lands of the Acatzirs. In the second half of the fifth century the Savirs occupied the Kuma River region extending along the Caspian Sea. As we can see, the ethnonym emerged in Byzantine sources after Attila's death. Attila, as is well known, became the sole leader of the Hun union after he had forcibly eliminated his brother Vlida/Bleda in 445. Later Attila consolidated many tribes and did usurp the power. Before Attila's death only separate battle episodes in which the Savirs showed their courage had been mentioned. In other cases, they acted as an integral part of Attila's army and were called 'Huns' or, at best, 'Hun-Savirs' or 'Huns, called Savirs'. After that, the article presents the sequential chronology of the historical events related to the history of the Savirs. Since the coming of Arabs to the Caucasus they were called Sabirs, and since the early 10th century in the Volga Region they were known as Suwars.
Before introducing the articles in this special issue, and taking the First World Conference on Operations Management as an example, the author proposes a new‐conference product, an innovation in service design and implementation. He describes nine key factors which need to be taken into account in order to achieve outstanding success in this kind of service.
Explores E.N. Chernykh's Great Migration (C-wave) model for explaining long-term changes in world-system behavior across seven periods of crisis/transformation that occurred between 3500 B.C. & 1300 A.D. to argue that he was wrong to claim there was only one pan-Eurasian crisis in the first millennium B.C. Two such crises are described. It is maintained that it is possible to connect actors widely separated in Eurasian space. However, evidence of indirect linkages between Mediterranean & Chinese security problems does not imply that all actors were involved in exactly the same processes at the same time. Attention is given to both the element of continuity that is found when first millennium crises are compared to last second millennium crises & the impact of the two crises of the first millennium B.C. on the later reorientation of trade patterns in the Near East. Although Chernykh's model is useful for analyzing the onset of Eurasian interdependence, his interpretation & crisis dating need to be revised. Tables, Figures, References. J. Lindroth
Explores E.N. Chernykh's Great Migration (C-wave) model for explaining long-term changes in world-system behavior across seven periods of crisis/transformation that occurred between 3500 B.C. & 1300 A.D. to argue that he was wrong to claim there was only one pan-Eurasian crisis in the first millennium B.C. Two such crises are described. It is maintained that it is possible to connect actors widely separated in Eurasian space. However, evidence of indirect linkages between Mediterranean & Chinese security problems does not imply that all actors were involved in exactly the same processes at the same time. Attention is given to both the element of continuity that is found when first millennium crises are compared to last second millennium crises & the impact of the two crises of the first millennium B.C. on the later reorientation of trade patterns in the Near East. Although Chernykh's model is useful for analyzing the onset of Eurasian interdependence, his interpretation & crisis dating need to be revised. Tables, Figures, References. J. Lindroth
"The civilizing mission" and the historiographical context -- Northern perceptions of the pre-Sinitic south -- The Sinitic accommodation with the south -- Social innovation in the eleventh century and the debates on civilization -- The central coast through the eighth century -- The Sinitic encounter -- Cults of the Sinitic era: a narrative of appropriation and civilization -- Civilizing the god of Baidu: a case study in civilizing strategy -- Conclusions
Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction: Whence Slavery? -- Chapter 1. From Present to Past and Back -- Chapter 2. Slavery between Two Phenomena: Empire and Christianity -- Chapter 3. Enslavement, Captivity, and the Monotheistic Turn -- Chapter 4. New Polities, New Societies, New Economies -- Chapter 5. Migration, Integration, Connectivity -- Conclusion: Slavery as Historical Process— Towards a New Definition -- Further Reading
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Ethnohistoric sources suggest that at the time of European contact, the coastlines and interior river valleys of most of the major islands of the Philippines were dotted with politically complex, socially stratified societies, organized on the level of what cultural evolutionists refer to as "chiefdoms". Recent regional-scale archaeological research in the Philippines indicates that these coastal chiefdoms have considerable time depth. Settlement hierarchies, complex mortuary patterns, and other archaeological indicators of socio-political complexity extend well into the first millennium a.d. Spanish and Chinese texts refer to Philippine chiefs as the central figures in complex regional-scale economies and international-scale trade. Hereditary chiefs controlled the agricultural productivity of "commoners" through restrictive land tenure, they mobilized surplus for elite use through formalized tribute systems, and they amassed "wealth" through sponsorship of luxury good craftsmen and through participation in foreign prestige-good trade. The accumulated "material fund of power" was used competitively by-hiefs to enhance their social ranking, to strengthen political alliances, and to expand their regional political authority.
In Millennium Dawn, the government of Zambia outlines the achievements of the first two administrations of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (1991-1996, 1996-2001) & indicates the challenges that still lie ahead. This article offers an alternative assessment of the government's performance in economic, social, & political development & its contribution to democratic progress. First it introduces the different criteria that could be employed for the purpose of evaluating performance, compares their limitations, & identifies the most relevant units of assessment. After detailing initiatives taken by the government & some notable failures & areas of neglect, it concludes by placing the overall record in perspective, explaining what has made the government so vulnerable to criticism & suggesting some pointers to the future. Adapted from the source document.
