Suchergebnisse

ABSTRAK Ekonomi pertanian terbiasa melakukan analisisnya menggunakan pendekatan komoditas tunggal (output-tunggal, input-ganda). Masalahnya ialah pendekatan ini cenderung tidak sesuai dengan realitas di mana kebanyakan sistem produksi pertanian berkarakteristik output-ganda. Termotivasi oleh masalah ini, makalah ini ditulis dengan tujuan menjelaskan pendekatan input-ganda output-ganda (MI-MO) serta mengaplikasikannya pada subsektor tanaman pangan Indonesia. Berdasarkan pendekatan MI-MO selanjutnya dibangun sebuah model ekonometrika yang diestimasi dengan metode seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) terestriksi. Dugaan elastisitas harga silang yang diperoleh dari hasil estimasi model menunjukkan signifikannya efek silang harga input dan harga output terhadap permintaan input dan penawaran output. Hal ini menjustifikasi penggunaan pendekatan MI-MO pada subsektor tanaman pangan. Implikasi penting yang diperoleh dari studi ini ialah kebijakan harga, baik input maupun output, diperkirakan tidak efektif untuk diterapkan. Namun apabila secara politik kebijakan tersebut diperlukan, maka hendaklah diterapkan pada input karena besaran absolut elastisitas silang tersebut lebih besar pada permintaan input dibandingkan pada penawaran output. Kata kunci: Multi-Input Multi-Output, Tanaman Pangan, Seemingly Unrelated Regression, Elastisitas. ABSTRACT It is a commonly practiced that agricultural economists frame their analyses within the single commodity (multi-input single-output) framework. The problem with this framework is that this seems to be inappropriate because most agricultural production systems are characterized by multi-product farms. Motivated by this problem, this paper is aimed at providing a brief explanation on the multi-input multi-output (MI-MO) framework and applying the framework on the Indonesian food crops subsector. Based on this framework, an econometric model is specified and then estimated using the restricted seemingly unrelated regression method. Estimated cross-price elasticities obtained from the model suggest the significance of cross-effects of input or output prices on input demand or output supply, justifying the MI-MO nature of the crops. The most notable policy implication from this study is that a price policy on either outputs or inputs may not be effective. If, however, such a policy were politically desirable, it should be applied on inputs rather than on outputs because the magnitudes of the elasticities are in absolute term higher in input demands than in output supplies. Keywords: Multi-Input Multi-Output, Food Crops, Seemingly Unrelated Regression, Elasticities.

In year 2009, the agricultural sector contributed around 15% of Indonesia's GDP, and absorbed around 44 million of total workforce. As the biggest GDP contributor and workforce absorption within the sector, foodcrops holds a strategic role in providing national food security. In line with ensuring food security program government has promulgated a national agricultural revitalization agenda, which one of the programs is providing a financing scheme for small scale farmer. At the implementation level, the program was not performed yet, due to the weaknesses of existing institutions.In turn it resulted in the significant gap of financing and investment in the agricultural sector. The aim of this research is to design a model of financial institution a nation wide level, focussing on foodcrops financing using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) which then supported by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The combination of ISM, systems approach and AHP are designated to accommodate the complexity of the object. The respondents involved are experts from various related institutions. ISM analysis indicated that price stability, government commitment, geographic coverage, suitability of the institution with local conditions, and return of investment are strong sub-elements drivers among the sub-elements of the system. The recommendation of institution design by using AHP is to develop a new non-bank financial institution, set up by the government that focuses their financing baesd on supply chain approach. (Key words: Financial Institution, Foodcrops, ISM, AHP)

AbstractThe challenge to effective farming systems research is to find methods of system appraisal that maximize the use of existing information and are timely while maintaining a certain measure of accuracy and validity—in other words to achieve rapid rural appraisal. The comparative method for the collection of labour utilization for secondary crops is based on a combination of literature study and field survey. Farmers compare foodcrops of which labour utilization data are known with crops of which the labour requirements are unknown. From the rankings, the labour use of the unknown crops can be derived.The comparative method was applied for cocoyam and soybean farming systems in Nigeria. In both cases absolute labour data derived correspond with relative labour data provided by the farmers themselves. The method, therefore, seems to be a quick, but nevertheless reliable, method by which generally applicable labour utilization data can be obtained.

http://www.jpgervais.eac.ulaval.ca/actesAIEA2.pdf ; China is a big country in terms of biotech achievements. It is also a rare country demonstrating crop-differentiated policies in the dissemination of the GMOs. While the release of GMOs is authorized notably for cotton in 1998, it is still prohibited for food crops. In spite of the positive outcomes on cotton, at least in the short run, and of the persisting decrease of the cereal production, the hesitation to release GMO on food crops should keep on prevailing. This seems to be founded when the qualitative dimension of the food production is taken into consideration. ; La Chine est un grand pays dans le domaine des biotechnologies mais c'est aussi l'un des rares pays à manifester une politique différenciée dans la diffusion des OGM en fonction des cultures. Alors que la diffusion est autorisée notamment sur le coton depuis 1998, elle reste encore interdite sur les cultures vivrières. En dépit des résultats positifs obtenus sur le coton, au moins à court terme, et de la persistance de la réduction de la production de céréale, l'hésitation dans l'utilisation des OGM sur les cultures vivrières devrait perdurer, non sans fondement, car la dimension qualitative de la production alimentaire doit être prise en compte.

http://www.jpgervais.eac.ulaval.ca/actesAIEA2.pdf ; China is a big country in terms of biotech achievements. It is also a rare country demonstrating crop-differentiated policies in the dissemination of the GMOs. While the release of GMOs is authorized notably for cotton in 1998, it is still prohibited for food crops. In spite of the positive outcomes on cotton, at least in the short run, and of the persisting decrease of the cereal production, the hesitation to release GMO on food crops should keep on prevailing. This seems to be founded when the qualitative dimension of the food production is taken into consideration. ; La Chine est un grand pays dans le domaine des biotechnologies mais c'est aussi l'un des rares pays à manifester une politique différenciée dans la diffusion des OGM en fonction des cultures. Alors que la diffusion est autorisée notamment sur le coton depuis 1998, elle reste encore interdite sur les cultures vivrières. En dépit des résultats positifs obtenus sur le coton, au moins à court terme, et de la persistance de la réduction de la production de céréale, l'hésitation dans l'utilisation des OGM sur les cultures vivrières devrait perdurer, non sans fondement, car la dimension qualitative de la production alimentaire doit être prise en compte.

Agriculture in the New Global Economy examines the extent to which the political economy of agriculture and the food chain is being transformed by globalisation. This book highlights the important changes that have taken place in the agriculture and food system with the spread of globalisation to this traditionally local sector. Structural change and emerging technologies have contributed to this transformation, which has extended to the political environment in which agriculture operates. The authors identify four paradigms that have characterised the governance of agriculture: a traditional dependent-agriculture paradigm; a neo-liberal competitive paradigm; a multifunctional paradigm; and an emergent globalised-production paradigm. The tensions among these paradigms are developed with reference to evidence from the United States and Canada, the EU, Australia, Japan and the Global South. The book analyses the controversy over genetic modification of foodcrops, developments in agricultural trade policy at the multilateral and regional levels, changing national food policy systems, and emerging global governance arrangements for the sector. Illustrating contemporary policy debates using both theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence, this book will appeal to academics, researchers and students specialising in political science, environmental studies, agricultural economics, management and food policy. The book will also be of interest to government practitioners in agriculture and environment departments as well as international organisations such as the EU, FAO and WTO

Abstract: Opinions that perceive villages (desa) as solid entity, traditional, reservoir of labor and foodcrops, have been intensively criticized. On the contrary, villages are filled with social-political tension, class difference, and became areas where large conflicts in history also took place. This article develops the second argument, which tries to trace agrarian transformation through history: from the colonial period, independence and the New Order. By presenting a case study in South Malang, East Java, this article aim to show that village dynamics are controlled by patronage relation, where agrarian policies only benefited certain groups in the village. Historical analysis also shows how patronage relation persisted, although the state had changed. Violence that occurred in regime change did not necessarily transform the patronage relation in the village, instead strengthened it through the formation of new alliances. Agrarian policies that are going to be developed in the present should notice this power relation. The question of 'who gets what' should be continuously raised by agrarian studies experts and policy makers.Keywords: patronage relation, clientelism, class inequality, 1965 violence, colonial plantation, Malang-East JavaIntisari: Pandangan yang melihat desa sebagai entitas solid, tradisional, reservoir tenaga kerja dan pangan, telah banyak dikritik. Sebaliknya, desa dipenuhi dengan ketegangan sosial-politik, perbedaan kelas dan area dimana konflik-konflik besar dalam sejarah juga terjadi. Artikel ini mengembangkan pandangan kedua, dan berusaha menelusuri perubahan agraria dari masa ke masa: periode kolonial, kemerdekaan dan Orde Baru. Dengan mengambil studi kasus di Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa dinamika desa dikuasai oleh relasi patronase, sehingga kebijakan-kebijakan agraria hanya menguntungkan kelompok tertentu di desa. Analisa historis juga memperlihatkan bagaimana relasi patronase terus bertahan, meskipun negara (dalam hal ini sistem pemerintahan) telah berubah. Kekerasan yang terjadi dalam perubahan-perubahan rezim tidak mengubah relasi patron di tingkat desa, namun justru memperkuatnya dengan memunculkan aliansi-aliansi baru. Kebijakan-kebijakan agraria yang akan diambil pada masa kini seyogyanya memperhatikan relasi kuasa tersebut, sehingga pertanyaan 'siapa mendapat apa' harus kerap dikedepankan oleh para pegiat studi agraria dan para pengambil kebijakan.Kata kunci: relasi patronase, klientelisme, ketimpangan kelas, kekerasan 1965, perkebunan kolonial, Malang-Jawa Timur

Agricultural development strategies that are put forward by individual African countries delineate priorities for actions to enhance agricultural and overall development. Understanding alternative agricultural growth options and their linkages with poverty reduction and prioritizing agricultural investments are the two key components of an agricultural development strategy. However, the relationships between growth and poverty reduction and between targeted growth and required public investment are not straightforward, and solid research is needed to support an evidence-based policymaking process. This monograph provides such a study using Rwanda as a case. An economywide model is developed for the study and is applied to the most recent economic data and public investment information to analyze agricultural growth and investment options for poverty reduction in Rwanda. The monograph shows that the country�s targeted agricultural subsector growth, if achieved, would allow Rwanda to meet the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) target of 6 percent annual growth in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) by 2020. With comparable growth in the nonagricultural sector, rapid economic growth would result in the national poverty rate falling to 35.5 percent by 2015, a reduction of 25 percentage points over the 1999 rate. Although the majority of rural households benefit from rapid agricultural growth, the most vulnerable households�those with very small landholdings and with few opportunities to participate in the production of export crops�appear to benefit less. The report shows that economywide growth led by the agricultural sector has a greater effect on poverty reduction than does the same level of growth driven by the nonagricultural sector. Among agricultural subsectors, growth driven mainly by increased productivity in staple crops has the greatest poverty reduction effect. The report points out that meeting the CAADP 6 percent agricultural growth target in Rwanda will require the allocation of public resources to the agricultural sector to rise significantly and reach 10 percent of the total government budget. Estimated economywide returns to public investment in agriculture are high and will come not only from growth in the agricultural sector. Through linkage and multiplier effects, one dollar of public investment in agricultural staples generates US$3.63 of increased agricultural GDP (AgGDP) and US$0.21 of increased nonagricultural GDP. In the agricultural sector, economywide returns from investing in staple foods, including staple crops and livestock, are much higher than those from investing in export crops. But even though the investment returns are high, the planned amount of investment in Rwanda will not be enough to significantly improve the current low yields of many foodcrops in the country. The average yield for maize will stay at a low level in 2015�a level already reached by many African countries today. The report also points out the trade-offs between rapid growth and low economywide returns from investing in the export sector. Targeting the export sector through public policy and investment will bring double-digit growth to the sector, measured by an increase in GDP; however, economywide returns to such investments are low. The weak linkages of the export sector with other economic activities on both the supply and demand sides reduce the role of the export sector as a key driver in both overall economic growth and poverty reduction. Nevertheless, the export sector has often attracted more government attention than has the agricultural sector in many African countries, with favorable policies and investment support. The findings of this report, which show relatively low economywide returns to public spending in the export sector and relatively less poverty reduction from growth led by exports, further emphasize the importance of broad-based agricultural growth. Agricultural development strategy, including effective public investment strategy, has to focus on growth that benefits a majority of farmers. Only such a strategy can be expected to be efficient and effective for growth, poverty reduction, and economic development in general. ; PR ; IFPRI1; DCA ; DGO; DSGD

This paper uses new data on agricultural policy interventions to examine the political economy of agricultural trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, African governments have discriminated against agricultural producers in general (relative to producers in non-agricultural sectors), and against producers of export agriculture in particular. While more moderate in recent years, these patterns of discrimination persist. They do so even though farmers comprise a political majority. Rather than claiming the existence of a single best approach to the analysis of policy choice, the authors explore the impact of three factors: institutions, regional inequality, and tax revenue-generation. The authors find that agricultural taxation increases with the rural population share in the absence of electoral party competition; yet, the existence of party competition turns the lobbying disadvantage of the rural majority into political advantage. The authors also find that privileged cash crop regions are particular targets for redistributive taxation, unless the country's president comes from that region. In addition, governments of resource-rich countries, while continuing to tax export producers, reduce their taxation of food consumers.