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Abstract
In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be especially destructive and divisive. One of the few things that has united Americans during the pandemic, however, is the experience of watching a new genre of viral videos—face mask face-offs—that showcase citizens going toe-to-toe in public places because someone refuses to wear a mask. These videos are not mere political theater; they are replete with sociologically meaningful data about the nature of Americans' cultural divisions. By closely analyzing recorded conflicts over collective coronavirus risks and individual freedoms in public settings, the authors identify six justifications for not wearing a mask. These justifications point to emerging cultural discourses and practices organized around phones that not only point to new ways for us to observe social life but participate in the reconfiguration of social life—and social conflict—itself.

Wearing facial coverings has become a key element in the fight against COVID-19. However, deep partisan divisions have arisen over the adoption of face masks, with Democrats more supportive than Republicans in the United States. Among opponents, a common argument is that facial coverings serve to dehumanize the wearer. Using an experimental study, I find no evidence, using a nationally diverse US sample, that face masks are dehumanizing, whether worn by a White or Black person. In addition, I test for moderation by partisanship, which shows a lack of dehumanizing effects and provides some suggestive evidence that face masks can humanize the wearer, for Democrats, though these effects are small. Under no circumstances do I find evidence that face masks dehumanize the wearer, even among Republican respondents.

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person's aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others' perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers' perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing.

Because of a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus COVID‐19, people across the United States of America are sequestering themselves in their homes in compliance with their state's quarantine mandate. Many have found innovative ways to cope with the consequences COVID‐19 and related public health guidelines have had on their lives. Amidst this crisis, hundreds of thousands of Americans are protesting in support of the Black Lives Matter movement, the highest numbers yet to take to the streets for the issue of ongoing police brutality (particularly the murder of an unarmed black man, George Floyd, by awhite police office, Derek Chauvin). Social distancing guidelines are quite difficult to follow at these densely populated protests. Thus, in this time of uncertainty and risk, one piece of material culture has become especially relevant and contentious: the face mask. My ethnography on Los Angeles County residents and their experiences with face masks during both quarantine and the Black Lives Matter protests helps illuminate some of the social context surrounding this controversial garment in American society. I conclude that people's relationships to face masks reveal a culture of individualism, paternalism, and fearmongering at the heart of American society.

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person's aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others' perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers' perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing. ; Ministry of Education (MOE) ; Published version ; This research was supported from the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its Academic Research Fund Tier 1 RT10/19.

• The Pittsburgh chapter of the Red Cross has announced it has supplied the University of Pittsburgh with 8,000 face masks for every student at the school • The chapter also supplied Major Day at Point Breeze with a large supply of blankets, hospital robes, sheets, pajamas, towels, surgical aprons, and other materials• Today, chapter officers notified all county auxiliaries and branches there would be no more first aid classes conducted at headquarters• The chapter also sends nurses throughout and so far, 33 nurses have gone from Pittsburgh to the division headquarters in Philadelphia• Reports indicate that 757 Red Cross nurses have been enrolled for war services• During the month of September, 60 nurses registered, 373 were assigned to active service, and 65 Pittsburgh nurses were sent into military service ; Newspaper Article ; 9

Mitigating the spread of COVID-19 is the objective of most governments. It is of utmost importance to understand how effective various public health measures are. We study the effectiveness of face masks. We employ public regional data about reported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections for Germany. As face masks became mandatory at different points in time across German regions, we can compare the rise in infections in regions with masks and regions without masks. Weighing various estimates, we conclude that 20 d after becoming mandatory face masks have reduced the number of new infections by around 45 masks seem to be a cost-effective means to combat COVID-19.We use the synthetic control method to analyze the effect of face masks on the spread of COVID-19 in Germany. Our identification approach exploits regional variation in the point in time when wearing of face masks became mandatory in public transport and shops. Depending on the region we consider, we find that face masks reduced the number of newly registered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections between 1550 days after their mandatory introduction. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 47https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13065920). All study data are included in the paper and SI Appendix.

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person's aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others' perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers' perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing.

January 27 2020, a day that will be remembered by the Indian people for a few decades, where a deadly virus peeped into a life of a young lady and till now it has been so threatening as it took up the life of 3.26 lakh people just in India. With the start of the virus government has made mandatory to wear masks when we go out in to crowded or public areas such as markets, malls, private gatherings and etc. So, it will be difficult for a person in the entrance to check whether everyone one are entering with a mask, in this paper we have designed a smart door face mask detection to check whether who are wearing or not wearing mask. By using different technologies such as Open CV, MTCNN, CNN, IFTTT, ThingSpeak we have designed this face mask detection. We use python to program the code. MTCNN using Viola- Jones algorithm detects the human faces present in the screen The Viola-Jones algorithm first detects the face on the grayscale image and then finds the location on the colored image. In this algorithm MTCNN first detects the face in grayscale image locates it and then finds this location on colored image. CNN for detecting masks in the human face is constructed using sample datasets and MobileNetV2 which acts as an object detector in our case the object is mask. ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of things application used to display the information we get form the smart door. This deployed application can also detect when people are moving. So, with this face mask detection, as a part to stop the spread of the virus, we ensure that with this smart door we can prevent the virus from spreading and can regain our happy life.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments across the world implemented practices and rules related to masks in educational settings and beyond. Through a desktop analysis and systematic literature review, leveraging educational, governmental and journalistic sources, this article provides an extreme comparison of two nations' intra-period responses on the use of face masks in education. Taking the examples of two different countries (Greece and Singapore), we discuss their contrasting approaches to face mask use in education, ranging from pre-schools to universities, while taking into account the macroenvironmental dissimilarities of their educational systems and technological capabilities. There are significant opportunities to learn by examining the governmental, pedagogical, and community reactions of different countries about mask use, in order to strengthen educators' collective response to COVID-19 now and into the future. These various threads could then be pulled back together in a discussion across borders.