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In June 2020, the Central Government presented three ordinances focusing on extensive agricultural changes in the nation. Government has expressed that the objectives of the Act are to Freeing up controls on trade, changing administrative framework, giving hindrance free trade and establishing a farmer-friendly environment. These ordinances will override all State laws in this regard. But this was all done in absence of a strong opposition and without consulting with the states, farmers and the commission agents, who are the main affected parties, resulting in a strong opposition and demand for rollback of the ordinances.

"Amendments and new laws passed by the Legislature in 1896 and 1898 . complete to January 1, 1900": 48 p. between p. [226] and 227. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In September 2020, through a voice vote in the Rajya Sabha, the Indian Parliament passed the infamous three farm bills. This triggered a series of protests and resistance that manifested in one of the world's biggest displays of dissent. A lot has been said about the intent and potential impact of the farm bills. India is a majorly agricultural economy, so not only do these farm bills hold the potential to disrupt our economy, the protests it has triggered are further indicative of a radical change. This article breaks down the intent of the now-repealed legislation, its potential impact on the economy, positive and negative, and how the resultant protests have impacted a country headed towards a recessionary period. The article marks battles won and lost, and paves a potential path forward. JEL Code: E6

The three new farm laws promulgated by the Government of India in 2020 (now repealed) as agricultural marketing reforms, with the claim that they were aimed at expanding farmers' marketing choices and increasing their incomes, have triggered massive protests by farmers. These protests have crystallized around two key demands: first, repeal the laws and second, make the minimum support price (MSP) for procuring farmers' produce a legal right. Given that discussions between the government and farmers' organizations continue to be at an impasse, it is critical to understand the arguments over the laws and the MSP, and the implications of these arguments for the agrarian future of India.

State anti-nuisance laws, known as right-to-farm laws, burden neighboring property owners with nuisances. The purpose of the laws is to protect existing investments by offering an affirmative defense. Activities that are not a nuisance when commenced cannot become a nuisance due to changes in land uses by neighbors. While most state laws involve a lawful exercise of the state's police powers, a right-to-farm law may set forth protection against nuisances that is so great that it operates to effect a regulatory taking. Judicial rulings that two Iowa right-to-farm laws went too far in reducing neighbors' constitutionally protected rights augur an opportunity to rethink right-to-farm laws. Rather than relying upon a marketplace economy to protect businesses, a law based upon an economy of nature may be drafted to protect farmland and other natural resources.

Agriculture has been brought to the forefront of policymaking, parliamentary debate, and political discussions in recent history. India's Parliament recently voted to scrap agricultural reform laws which came up as a huge victory for the farmers' movement, who have been protesting for over a year for the rollback of the laws. This farmers' movement created history at the national and international levels in the present times. The government had passed three farm laws to transform agriculture and increase farmer income without detailed consultations with all stakeholders. This led to protests by the farmer community by blocking roads and highways, calling an All-India Bandh, which attracted public attention and brought weight to the farmer issues, leading to achievement for the 'Annadatas' of the country. The article discusses the predicaments of the agriculture sector, the problems of the farmers, critical analysis of the three Farm laws, their implementation, implications and finally, its rollback. The reasons for this move have been examined from the political and economic angle with a reflection on its rollback for the future. JEL Codes: Q18, Q10, Q13, Q15

The recently enacted Farm Laws in India has led to widespread and vigorous protests across the country. It has been hailed as a watershed moment by the neoliberal market analysts and is compared to the 1991 economic reforms, based on the notions of liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation. A critical review of these laws and amendments needs to be situated in the larger narrative of commodification, wherein certain essential goods and services are appropriated and standardised and traded at market-determined prices. The present review intends to place these new laws in the broader policies and 'projects' of neoliberalisation of nature. A critical look at these laws shows that they have profound implications for social justice and environmental sustainability. It seeks to cross-question the food question and the peasant question by revisiting the ontological questions of what constitutes food and farming. It considers the new debate and the old vision of 'food as commons', and find that the new laws are, in fact, a continuation of attempts by neoliberal markets and states to commodify food and farming activities. Nevertheless, such attempts, for various reasons, face active resistance in the form of countermovements by the peasantry and enter the arena of political economy. The review argues that the present peasant resistance should be considered as part of the larger environmental justice movements.

Much of the popular analysis of the 2020 farmers protests in India identifies an authoritarian BJP government as the primary antagonistic force threatening the livelihoods of farmers in major grain producing states such as Punjab. This paper is motivated by concern that such a methodologically nationalist and presentist account risks obscuring more than it reveals regarding what is at stake in the contestations over the 2020 farm laws. It addresses these limitations by asking instead how the contestation over the farm laws renews the confrontation over the appropriation of the surplus value of the agrarian South that was set in motion by the rise of the neoliberal form of global capital accumulation in the late twentieth century. Locating the contemporary moment within the long history and broader geography of neoliberal capitalist imperialism brings to light the accumulation imperatives of global financial-agribusiness capital as key motive forces underpinning the farm laws. Attention is thus drawn in this paper to how the deepening of the privatization, liberalization, and financialization of agriculture in the Global South remains a key strategy for addressing global capitals structural crises of over-production and over-accumulation. The paper argues that the intensification of neoliberal agrarian restructuring in India via the 2020 farm laws has opened further space for both a familiar mode of global agribusiness accumulation that aims to capture the surplus value of the real agricultural economy and for an emergent agritech mode of accumulation that is centered more on harvesting data in order to generate profits through financial speculation in the derivative agricultural economy. The paper concludes by emphasizing that the farmers movement is correct in contesting the farm laws, as the deepening of Indian agricultures integration into global capitalism threatens to render farmers into a category of permanently surplus labor. ; Published version