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Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Translator's Note -- Foreword to the German Edition (2005) -- Preface -- 1. The Intellectual and Spiritual Background of the Question -- The Heritage of Antiquity -- The Biblical Background -- The Conflict with Gnosticism -- The Fathers� Vision of the Unity of the Peoples -- 2. The Christian Gnosis of Origen -- The Meaning of National Identity in Origen -- The Place of the Church -- Summary -- 3. Augustine's Debate with Rome's Political Theology -- The Rejection of Rome�s Political Theology

PurposeThe Westernization and its reflections could be observed in the architecture, urbanism and social life in Istanbul in 19th century. The Tanzimat Edict (1839), Vienna Protocol (1855) and Islahat Edict (1856) affected the lifestyle of non-Muslims, especially in the administrative, religious and educational sphere. These political, legal and social reforms had also affected the Greek Orthodox community living in the Ottoman lands and their architectural activities about the churches. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the restoration works of Galatasaray Panagia Church conducted in the 19th century based on the archival documents.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe archival documents provide a comprehensive understanding of the changes, repairs, architectural implementations and formal procedure of the restoration of the Greek Orthodox churches. The methodology of the paper is mainly to analyze the archival documents and do the field survey. The archival documents about the extension of the Galatasaray Panagia Church was analyzed in detail. Then field survey was done. Present-day conditions of the church was observed and compared with the archival documents. Moreover, the analogical research was done to understand the situation before the implementation in 19th century. FindingsThe archival documents were the important proofs of the interventions of the conservations, which were applied at the end of the 19th century. They give information about to the drawing techniques, characteristics of interventions, construction materials, construction sector, responsible authorities and the process of getting necessary permissions for the restoration and the details of labors. At the end of the 19th century, restoration process of the Greek Orthodox churches was changed with the removal of the restrictions. For example, the new construction materials were used from European countries.Research Limitations/ImplicationsThis study examines the archival documents to provide the information about the church and aims to underline the importance of these documents to understand the history of the church, as well as the conservation methodology and process in the 19th century.Practical ImplicationsThe archival documents are not merely materials to help understand the building better, but they also serve as tangible evidences of past restorations. The technical details that archival documents include, guide the decision process of the future interventions. Moreover, they provide reliable and valuable information about the later additions that must be conserved.Social ImplicationsThe Greek Orthodox community was one of the important non-Muslim groups, had a significant role in the Ottoman Empire. Considering the present-day conditions, most of the Greek Orthodox churches could survive owing to the extensive repairs, restorations or, in some cases, reconstructions. This study made an important contribution to the research on the Greek Orthodox churches, which has a small population today.Originality/ValueMost studies on this subject is based on just classification of the archival documents. However, this study is focused to analyze the documents in detail with the observation on the structure. The originality of this study is both to analyze historical archival documents and to observe present-day conditions together. Thereby while the past restoration process was understood, future implementation are shed light on. ; The major changes in political, environmental or architectural manners in the Ottoman period had originated mostly in the 18th century during the so-called Tulip Era and almost the whole empire was influenced. This process was called the Westernization and its reflections could be observed in the architecture, urbanism and social life in Istanbul. The Tanzimat Edict (1839), Vienna Protocol (1855) and Islahat Edict (1856) affected the lifestyle of non-Muslims, especially in the administrative, religious and educational sphere. These political, legal and social reforms had also affected the Greek Orthodox community living in the Ottoman lands and their architectural activities about the churches. Considering the present-day conditions, most of the Greek Orthodox churches could survive owing to the extensive repairs, restorations or, in some cases, reconstructions. The archival documents provide a comprehensive understanding of the changes, repairs, architectural implementations and formal procedure of the restoration of these churches. In addition, the technical details that archival documents include, guide the decision process of the future interventions. The archival documents are not merely materials to help understand the building better, but they also serve as tangible evidences of past restorations. In this context, this article aims to clarify the restoration works of Galatasaray Panagia Church conducted in the 19th century based on the archival documents.

In 1944, the Soviet Army recaptured Galicia and Transcarpathia from the Germans, and the last stronghold of Ukrainian Greek Catholicism fell under Soviet control. Following the arrests of all Uniate bishops and of the "recalcitrant" clergy, the Lviv Sobor of March 1946 nullified the 1596 Union of Brest, which first established the Greek Catholic Church, and forcibly "reunified" the Uniates with the state-controlled Russian Orthodox Church. The post-World War II period saw the gradual suppression of the Uniate Church throughout Carpatho-Ukraine, Poland, and Eastern Slovakia, and marked the beginning of more than four decades of struggle for Eastern Rite Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR to maintain their banned Church against the overpowering alliance of the Soviet regime and the Russian Orthodox Church. Despite the enforced "reunification," the Greek Catholic Church has remained the most important cultural and institutional preserve of national identity in Western Ukraine. The following is an examination of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church's attempts to assert its right to legal existence since the beginning of political and social revitalization under Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic church's efforts to assert its right since glasnost are examined. Formally dissolved & driven underground in 1946, the church struggled for decades to open its closed churches but was blocked by administrative obstacles & police reprisals. Not until 1986/87, with the release of Ukrainian religious & political prisioners, did the movement for human, national, & religious rights in the Ukraine take shape. The movement's efforts to legalize the church were rebuffed by Soviet authorities on grounds that legalization was an internal problem best resolved by the Russian Orthodox church. Opposition to legalization was weakened by massive public demonstrations that led to the removal of hardliner public officials, negotiations between the Vatican & the Moscow Patriarchate, the extension of the new law on freedom of conscience & religious organizations, & mass takeovers by Ukrainian Catholics of their former churches. 12 References. D. Generoli