Suchergebnisse

"UN, Gender, and Women" published on by Oxford University Press.

The substantive & methodological issues relevant to shaping transnational feminism sensitive to Third World women's experience of globalization is explored in the case of Filipino women's activism to offer theoretical insights about gender, mobilization, & transnationalizing resistance. Seeking a corrective measure for why the Third World is marginalized in the mainstream discourse on globalization requires forging the transnational feminist scholarship project by unraveling the dynamics of globalization that create ties that divide & bind people, & re-examining how we study the dynamics of globalization requires re-examination of imperialism, contextualizing analytical categories of women, & reconceptualizing the nation-state in the context of new liberal globalization. Addressing the methodological issue of capturing the voice in the study of global capitalism highlights the understandings provided by feminist research elements of standpoint, reflexivity, position analogy, & emergent. Analysis of the cases of the militant Federation of Women's Organizations in the Philippines or GABRIELA, & the organization of a Filipino to domestic workers -IMOFO-HK-supports the assertion that the complex dynamics of globalization has greater detrimental impact on Third World women, & brings into question the Eurocentric mainstream discourse on globalization that neglects their voice & experience. Bringing in the theory making from below of those who suffered under sand resistant human aging injuries of neoliberal globalization from the margins of the center of mainstream discourse, & may change the way we think about globalization, & the way we resist on a global scale. References. J. Harwell

Theorists are becoming aware that social movements operate in both domestic & international environments, for which reason mutual benefits could be derived from exchanges of ideas between social movement & international relations studies & theories. While most writing about transnational opportunity views international institutions as presenting constraints rather than opportunities, this chapter, focusing on human rights issues, contends that certain forms of transnational contention can take advantage of opportunities available in international institutions in campaigns against states. For example, feminist groups & groups of indigenous peoples have often found the international arena more receptive to their demands than domestic political institutions. Specific cases of such cooperation around the world are presented. The framework for understanding the beneficial interaction of domestic & international politics presented in this chapter aims to provide a dynamic & interactive understanding of how the international & the domestic relate to influence the choices & outcomes of transnational networks activity; & to consider & explain the emergence of new forms of dynamic multilevel governance. Figures. J. Stanton

"The starting point of the project was the question why people delay childbearing until later in life. Based on qualitative, problem-centred interviews with highly educated women in Vienna, this article investigates the effect of fears and uncertainties relating to this issue. The data were analysed with a combination of grounded theory and objective hermeneutic sequence analysis. The recent literature comprises works about the impact of uncertain economic conditions on fertility. To explain these issues, the New Home Economics approach has developed the idea of opportunity costs. The assessment of the present economic situation and future prospects produce insecurity and fears. The Second Demographic Transition assumes that 'individual autonomy' and 'female emancipation' are the main reasons for delaying family formation. Some theoretical considerations by Easterlin, and Ajzen's and Fishbein's theory of planned behaviour are useful for elucidating other parts of the results. The discussed theories are all relevant for explaining different dimensions of fears and worries concerning motherhood. Moreover, some findings showed a somewhat different situation to the one often discussed in the literature. Apparently economic uncertainty is not the only decisive factor in fertility decisions. Women have the feeling that they are expected to carefully reflect about the consequences of their behaviour, which produces fears of acting irresponsibly. Some women find it difficult to reconcile the conflicting roles of being a good mother and being a career woman. Others worry that they might not live up to expectations - be it their own or those of others. From the women's point of view, they will always lose out on something, no matter whether they decide for or against having a child. For highly educated women in Vienna, fertility is definitely an issue that involves a lot of fears and uncertainties." (author's abstract)

"Third-party intervention in situations of human conflict has a long history and a wide variety of forms and functions. Disputants in most, if not all, societies and at all levels of social interaction have had access to external actors to whom they can turn when they find they are unable to manage their differences by themselves. A common response to perceived incompatibilities in goals, methods or values between contesting parties is to enter into negotiation in order to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Negotiation appears to be a universal, human phenomenon, although it is of course expressed in variations that are appropriate to each cultural context. Mediation, which is intended to facilitate the negotiation process, also needs to be practised within the norms and assumptions of any given cultural or subcultural milieu. At the same time, Western theorists of negotiation and mediation have attempted to spell out generic models, which they hope will serve to capture many of the essential elements. Much further crosscultural research will be necessary to tell us if this is indeed the case. Theorists have also identified additional forms of third-party intervention designed to complement negotiation that are distinguished primarily by the degree of power that the intervener exercises over the process and outcome of the conflict. This continuum of power is characterized not only by a varying capacity to influence, but also by a noteworthy shift in the type of power exercised. Thus, more traditional, coercive methods such as arbitration engage influence and control as 'power over', while more recent innovative methods such as problemsolving workshops (PSWs) seek to engage and induce 'power with', to draw on a useful distinction identified by Mary Parker Follett (1924 / 1942) and evident in feminist literature (Taylor / Miller 1994). A contemporary notion in the third-party literature is the idea that not all conflicts at all points in time will be amenable to a single and unified method of intervention. The defining characteristics of the conflict, particularly the stage of escalation, need to be considered in the light of the question as to which type of third party might intervene in the conflict most effectively and in which manner. Likewise, the interplay between different forms of third-party intervention and conflict transformation must be considered carefully, particularly because the various forms will typically play different roles in the overall process. Conflict transformation further requires that the antagonists agree upon and create the political, economic and social structures that will engender positive peace with social justice over the longer term. It is clear that these kinds of outcomes require more complex and coordinated third-party activities than the field of conflict resolution has been able to develop and implement so far, along with, of course, local empowerment and engagement. This chapter will focus first on the method of mediation, acknowledging its role as one of the most commonly applied and studied forms of intervention in conflicts. This will set the larger stage for a consideration of the various forms and functions of third-party intervention, some of which draw their appeal from their supplementary nature to mediation and negotiation. A rudimentary model for matching types of interventions to the stage of conflict escalation will be presented as an initial heuristic for realizing the potential complementarity of different forms of intervention. Finally, a number of issues will be identified that can affect the overall current and future usefulness of third-party intervention in addressing the multitude of destructive conflicts that regularly beset humankind." (excerpt)