Fertility Island Formation and Evolution in Dryland Ecosystems
In: Ecology and society: E&S ; a journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability, Band 13, Heft 1
ISSN: 1708-3087
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In: Ecology and society: E&S ; a journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability, Band 13, Heft 1
ISSN: 1708-3087
In: Continuity and change: a journal of social structure, law and demography in past societies, Band 17, Heft 1, S. 133-160
ISSN: 1469-218X
This article explores marital fertility on the Aegean island of Paros based on family-reconstitution data from one main town and one village on the island, namely Naoussa and Kostos. By probing the reproductive behaviour of couples who married between 1894 and 1953 it was found that fertility was still 'natural' on the island at the beginning of the twentieth century, while a substantial fertility decline made itself visible only in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The way the population switched from natural to controlled fertility is also explored, as well as the contribution of different socio-economic groups to fertility transition. In the end, an effort is made to place the examined population in a wider European and national context.
In: The American journal of sociology, Band 38, Heft 3, S. 377-397
ISSN: 1537-5390
In: Studies in family planning: a publication of the Population Council, Band 19, Heft 3, S. 179
ISSN: 1728-4465
In: Canadian journal of economics and political science: the journal of the Canadian Political Science Association = Revue canadienne d'économique et de science politique, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 213-246
Rapid and continuous decline in the size of the human family has been widespread during the last half-century. The main facts are widely known. A brief summary will serve as an introduction to what follows.In most European countries a period of continuous decline in the birth-rate began about 1870. In France the decline began much earlier, in eastern European countries somewhat later. We find the same picture, varying only in time of origin and tempo, in the United States of America, the British Dominions, Russia, and probably in Japan. A precise measure of the trend in terms of gross and net reproduction rates cannot be given over a long period, but the changes in these measures are available for several countries from 1911 to 1931. The drop in the gross reproduction rate in these twenty years was 50 per cent in Sweden, 38 per cent in Denmark, 37 per cent in England and Wales. In Australia it was 41 per cent between 1912 and 1933. Studies of smaller population units reveal the same trend. Among the counties of England and Wales, the smallest percentage decrease between 1911 and 1931 was 18 per cent. In Scotland a few counties showed smaller percentage decreases, the smallest being 11 per cent.
In: Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Band 8, S. 213-246
In: Environment and development economics, Band 6, Heft 2, S. 161-182
ISSN: 1469-4395
The total fertility rate is lower in island nations than non-island nations, and in small land-area nations than large land-area nations. Because islands tend to be much smaller than non-islands, these phenomena raise the question of whether there are two distinct effects or two manifestations of a single effect. This paper uses 1990 cross-sectional data on 198 countries to estimate the independent effects of islands and land-area on fertility. We find evidence that there are two separate effects. One possible explanation for the island and small-country fertility effects can be drawn from the theory of the commons, but another possible explanation is offered by the new theory of economic growth. We explore each of these possible explanations and conclude that the small-country effect is consistent with new theories of economic growth while the island effect is likely the result of a 'commons effect'.
In: Sociological analysis: SA ; a journal in the sociology of religion, Band 34, Heft 2, S. 124
ISSN: 2325-7873
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 13, Heft 3, S. 253-260
ISSN: 1469-7599
SummaryAtoll-dwelling people of Tokelau in the central Pacific have been studied in their home environment and after migration to the industrial culture of New Zealand (NZ). The NZ migrants reflect the predominantly male and young composition of the migrating group. Recent migration has eased the lot of the surplus young women from Tokelau, resulting in earlier marriage and less long-term spinsterhood. The apparently higher fertility of women residing in NZ is largely explained by selection of female migrants who already have two or more children. Earlier menarche and earlier marriage in NZ probably contribute little. Future trends will be monitored, and a decline in migrant fertility is expected, if Tokelauans follow the pattern of other Polynesian migrants to urban environments.
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 9, Heft 1, S. 1-11
ISSN: 1469-7599
SummaryThe Tokelau Island Migrant Study is outlined. It is a multi-disciplinary study of health and social change in the Tokelau islanders, following up emigrants to New Zealand (NZ). In this paper fertility and related aspects are examined, comparing pre-migrants (persons subsequently known to have emigrated to NZ) with non-migrants. Pre-migrant females tended to be younger, to marry later, to be less often childless and to have suffered more miscarriages, than non-migrants. Tokelau parity lagged behind other Polynesian populations due to later marriages, and reached a level below that of the more westernized Rarotongans and NZ Maoris.Tokelau life expectancy was estimated to be 62·2–62·6 years for males and 62·9–66·4 years for females.
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 9, Heft 1
ISSN: 1469-7599
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 316, S. 127-136
ISSN: 0002-7162
With high pop densities, large proportions dependent on agri, & rates of natural increase generally in excess of 2% per yr, the Caribbean exemplifies all the modern demographic problems of the underdeveloped areas of the world. Fertility remains high, though there is some suggestion of a decline in Puerto Rico, & mortality has declined steeply in nearly all the islands. Recent emigration has reduced rates of growth in Puerto Rico & the British Islands, but the indications are that massive increments are to be expected unless definite policies of fertility control materialize. AA.
In: Asia Pacific population journal, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 5-20
ISSN: 1564-4278
In: Asia Pacific population journal, Band 14, Heft 2, S. 1-12
ISSN: 1564-4278