Suchergebnisse

The state finances is the system of the economical fiscal relationships that emerge when the state accumulates, allocates and uses the financial means it needs. The financial system of the developed states covers the governments and local authorities' budgets, the finances of public enterprises and the state specialized funds. The state financial system provides the means (mainly from taxes, state credits, securities emissions, etc) for covering the growing expenses in the military, social, cultural spheres, in management and railway building, etc and for, obviously, covering the national debt. As expenses exceed income, the state is usually forced to cover this difference by borrowed means. Due to the borrowing of this kind, the loans and other financial duties carried in the name of the state create the ground for the national debt.

The state finances is the system of the economical fiscal relationships that emerge when the state accumulates, allocates and uses the financial means it needs. The financial system of the developed states covers the governments and local authorities' budgets, the finances of public enterprises and the state specialized funds. The state financial system provides the means (mainly from taxes, state credits, securities emissions, etc) for covering the growing expenses in the military, social, cultural spheres, in management and railway building, etc and for, obviously, covering the national debt. As expenses exceed income, the state is usually forced to cover this difference by borrowed means. Due to the borrowing of this kind, the loans and other financial duties carried in the name of the state create the ground for the national debt.

Decentralization of management structures occurring worldwide results in relocation of management activities between the central power and local municipal institutions, and transferring apart management functions to local governments. This, in turn, brings about changes in financing of management functions: municipalities in western countries began using various financing tools, including raising credit finances through issuing local municipal bonds. Laxity of the management procedures related to issuing municipal bonds, inadequate legal base as well as a lack of theoretical knowledge on this financial tool and its issuing models prevent Lithuanian local governments from buying credit finances through issuing municipal bonds. The first local government that used municipal bonds for the reconstruction of the Metropolitan in 1856 was Chicago municipality. The issuer of municipal bonds was the municipality itself, and such model of issuing in literature is called "American". It was applied until 1899, when the Danish municipality crediting institution – KommuneKredit – was established. In Denmark, a different principle of the issuing of municipal bonds (the "Scandinavian" model) was used, where the issuer of the bonds is not the municipality, but the municipality crediting institution. Differently from the "Scandinavian" model, whose name reflects its geographical distribution, the "American" model is used not only in the US, but also in Europe.

Decentralization of management structures occurring worldwide results in relocation of management activities between the central power and local municipal institutions, and transferring apart management functions to local governments. This, in turn, brings about changes in financing of management functions: municipalities in western countries began using various financing tools, including raising credit finances through issuing local municipal bonds. Laxity of the management procedures related to issuing municipal bonds, inadequate legal base as well as a lack of theoretical knowledge on this financial tool and its issuing models prevent Lithuanian local governments from buying credit finances through issuing municipal bonds. The first local government that used municipal bonds for the reconstruction of the Metropolitan in 1856 was Chicago municipality. The issuer of municipal bonds was the municipality itself, and such model of issuing in literature is called "American". It was applied until 1899, when the Danish municipality crediting institution – KommuneKredit – was established. In Denmark, a different principle of the issuing of municipal bonds (the "Scandinavian" model) was used, where the issuer of the bonds is not the municipality, but the municipality crediting institution. Differently from the "Scandinavian" model, whose name reflects its geographical distribution, the "American" model is used not only in the US, but also in Europe.

Decentralization of management structures occurring worldwide results in relocation of management activities between the central power and local municipal institutions, and transferring apart management functions to local governments. This, in turn, brings about changes in financing of management functions: municipalities in western countries began using various financing tools, including raising credit finances through issuing local municipal bonds. Laxity of the management procedures related to issuing municipal bonds, inadequate legal base as well as a lack of theoretical knowledge on this financial tool and its issuing models prevent Lithuanian local governments from buying credit finances through issuing municipal bonds. The first local government that used municipal bonds for the reconstruction of the Metropolitan in 1856 was Chicago municipality. The issuer of municipal bonds was the municipality itself, and such model of issuing in literature is called "American". It was applied until 1899, when the Danish municipality crediting institution – KommuneKredit – was established. In Denmark, a different principle of the issuing of municipal bonds (the "Scandinavian" model) was used, where the issuer of the bonds is not the municipality, but the municipality crediting institution. Differently from the "Scandinavian" model, whose name reflects its geographical distribution, the "American" model is used not only in the US, but also in Europe.

Decentralization of management structures occurring worldwide results in relocation of management activities between the central power and local municipal institutions, and transferring apart management functions to local governments. This, in turn, brings about changes in financing of management functions: municipalities in western countries began using various financing tools, including raising credit finances through issuing local municipal bonds. Laxity of the management procedures related to issuing municipal bonds, inadequate legal base as well as a lack of theoretical knowledge on this financial tool and its issuing models prevent Lithuanian local governments from buying credit finances through issuing municipal bonds. The first local government that used municipal bonds for the reconstruction of the Metropolitan in 1856 was Chicago municipality. The issuer of municipal bonds was the municipality itself, and such model of issuing in literature is called "American". It was applied until 1899, when the Danish municipality crediting institution – KommuneKredit – was established. In Denmark, a different principle of the issuing of municipal bonds (the "Scandinavian" model) was used, where the issuer of the bonds is not the municipality, but the municipality crediting institution. Differently from the "Scandinavian" model, whose name reflects its geographical distribution, the "American" model is used not only in the US, but also in Europe.

The main aim of this work is to determine what problems of realization the academic community perceives. The system of realization trends was projected in the state education strategy enacted on the 4th of July in 2003 by Parliament. It is paid attention to the calibre, the management culture and the opportunity to learn all the life. There are five the realization trends of state education strategy: the management, the infrastructure, the support, the content and the personnel. The analysis of the research shows that the finance of higher education, the modernization of teaching, the present learning load of students which belongs to the implementation of information technology are the main trends of state education strategy. The finances of a state will be introduced in 2009 which will offset the best part expenses of students learning. The educational institution should have to help persons to gain the qualification which should meet the requirements of these days and satisfy modern technology.

The main aim of this work is to determine what problems of realization the academic community perceives. The system of realization trends was projected in the state education strategy enacted on the 4th of July in 2003 by Parliament. It is paid attention to the calibre, the management culture and the opportunity to learn all the life. There are five the realization trends of state education strategy: the management, the infrastructure, the support, the content and the personnel. The analysis of the research shows that the finance of higher education, the modernization of teaching, the present learning load of students which belongs to the implementation of information technology are the main trends of state education strategy. The finances of a state will be introduced in 2009 which will offset the best part expenses of students learning. The educational institution should have to help persons to gain the qualification which should meet the requirements of these days and satisfy modern technology.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.