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Using eight annual household surveys for the Netherlands between 2006 and 2013, we find that respondents' personal adverse financial crisis experiences do not only reduce their trust in banks, but also have an immediate negative effect on generalized trust. Respondents who were customers of a bank that ran into problems have less trust in banks than respondents without this experience. Respondents who were customer of a bank that failed have a significantly stronger decline of generalized trust than other respondents. Our results also suggest that personal financial crisis experiences do not have a significant direct effect on trust in the banking supervisor.

Treating the money as "under-way-contracts", or "under-executed contracts", the author describes its properties as an economic good. It is shown that the money is a private good with valuable externalities, i.e. a merit good. From this fact the necessity of financial markets state regulation oriented at minimizing negative externalities by restriction of using the most risky contracts is drawn.

The financial crisis has opened up a global debate on the taxation of the financial sector. A number of international policy initiatives, most notably by the G20, have called for major changes in the tax treatment of financial institutions and transactions as well as individuals working in the financial sector. This book examines how tax policies contributed to the financial crisis and whether taxation can play a role in the reform efforts under way to establish a sounder and safer financial system. The book looks at the pros and cons of various tax initiatives, including limiting the tax advantages to debt financing, special taxes on the financial sector and financial transactions taxes.

Six years after the outbreak of the financial crisis that had shaken the global financial system, experts and analysts all over the world continue discussing the effectiveness, scope and adequacy of mechanisms and measures implemented in the meantime, as well as the adequacy of the underlying theoretical concept. A global consent has been reached on ensuring financial stability through the interaction of monetary, fiscal and prudential policy to ensure the necessary macroprudential dimension of regulatory and supervisory frameworks. The USA crisis spilled over to Europe. Strong support of governments to bail out banks quickly resulted in sovereign debt crises in some peripheral EU Member States. Fiscal insolvency of these countries strongly shook the EU and increased doubts in the monetary union survival. The European Union stood united to defend the euro and responded strongly with a new complex and comprehensive financial stability framework. This supranational framework is a counterpart to the global financial stability framework created by the G20 member countries. Starting from the specific features of the monetary policy whose capacities are determined by euroisation, available instruments and resources for preventive supervisory activities, as well as the role of the government in crisis management, Montenegro created a framework for maintaining financial stability and prescribed fostering and maintaining financial stability as the main objective of the Central Bank of Montenegro.

Die aktuelle Ausgabe der Reihe "Recherche Spezial" beleuchtet auf der Basis von Literatur- und Forschungsprojekt-Nachweisen aus den GESIS-Datenbanken SOLIS und SOFIS schlaglichtartig die Diskussion zu den Themen Staatsverschuldung und Finanzkrise – auch mit historischen Akzenten. Im Zentrum stehen die Diskussionen zu den Entwicklungen bis 2007 / 2008 – dem Ausbruch der Immobilienkrise sowie des Zusammenbruchs von Lehman Brothers Inc. in New York – als auch die darauf folgenden Reaktionen zur Eindämmung der Krise in den USA, Deutschland und Europa. Mit dem Fokus "weltweit" werden auch Entwicklungen in anderen Regionen der Welt (bspw. Japan, Argentinien, Russland) erfasst. Aus dem breiten Spektrum der Diskussionen zu den Wirkungen von Staatsverschuldung und Finanzkrisen wird im Kapitel 5 eine kleine Auswahl präsentiert. Da Krisen - insbesondere Finanzkrisen - ein ausgeprägtes psychologisches Moment haben, wird in einem kleinen Kapitel der Umgang der Medien mit den hier behandelten Themen beleuchtet. Für den deutlichen Anstieg der Staatsverschuldung in Deutschland in den 1990er Jahren werden die Kosten der Deutschen Einheit betont. Im gleichen Zeitraum stieg aber die Staatsverschuldung auch in anderen Industrieländern deutlich. Betrachtet man einen längeren Zeitraum, so wird deutlich, dass seit den 1970er Jahren in Deutschland auf Krisen mit staatlichen Interventionen reagiert wurde, die die Staatsverschuldung dauerhaft erhöhten. Das in der Krise investierte Geld konnte im folgenden konjunkturellen Aufschwung nicht refinanziert werden. Die nächste Krise traf jeweils auf einen höheren Schuldensockel. In Schweden gelang es, den Schuldenstand (in Euro) seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre annähernd konstant zu halten und gemessen in Prozent des BIP zu senken. In Deutschland stieg der Schuldenstand im Vergleichszeitraum sowohl in absoluten Zahlen wie auch in Relation zum BIP. Das Spektrum der Antworten auf die vielfältigen Herausforderungen, die aus Staatsverschuldung und Finanzkrise erwachsen, ist sehr breit.

The financial crisis has opened up a global debate on the taxation of the financial sector. A number of international policy initiatives, most notably by the G20, have called for major changes in the tax treatment of financial institutions and transactions as well as individuals working in the financial sector. This book examines how tax policies contributed to the financial crisis and whether taxation can play a role in the reform efforts under way to establish a sounder and safer financial system. The book looks at the pros and cons of various tax initiatives, including limiting the tax advantages to debt financing, special taxes on the financial sector and financial transactions taxes.

The relation between demand and supply at the world markets has to be balanced involving their mutual concordance with the amount of money. Although, there should be more money and loans than there are international trade and services which guarantees sustainable growth without recessions, depressions and crises. Aberrations from such basic market laws cause recession. Present recession is the consequence of long lasting violation of basic economic law. Banking, finance, marketing and stock markets are out of control trying to satisfy corporate and political desires. Loans were given which contributed to excessive demand. Technological development provided large series of products. The economy volume was not in compliance with market laws. Marketing asked for greater consumption. Distribution of material goods was not equal, so the buying power of undeveloped countries stayed at the relatively low level. Therefore, growth rate of world economy fell. Danger of crash of investment banks and stock markets after violating economic relations is not doubtful. Domicile countries of big banking and economy systems are trying to protect them by investing from their own sources. And the consequences of current recession are poor globalization process led by rich countries and stoppage of economical growth of poor Asian and African countries. Consequences of world financial crisis will not leave out banks from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Even though banks from Bosnia and Herzegovina are still not in the credit system of world banks, which would be an additional burden to the current crisis, it will reflect indirectly small countries as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina. ; ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????, ????????????????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????. ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????, ????????? ? ?????. ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ??????????, ?????????, ????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? "???????????". ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????. ????????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????. ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????. ???????? ??, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????????. ???? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ? ????? ? ???????????.

Fiscal constraint is potentially lax in catching-up economies, but it has not been abused by most countries considered in this paper. Fiscal risks are significant currently, but sustainability and structural balances are not threatened as a rule, if the return to potential growth rates is to be achieved in the medium run. The risks to countercyclical public financing could be discouraged by a comprehensive EU stabilization policy of some sort. Early euro adoption, absent credible stabilization policy, is not the first best policy option for fiscal policy targets.