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This book, first published in 1989, examines how a seemingly trivial incident can act as a flashpoint for wider disturbances. It investigates the underlying causes, the immediate context of the events, and the communication between police and crowd that takes place within them. The authors' findings are based on first-hand research into case studies of political demonstrations, community disorder and industrial picketing in South Yorkshire, UK over a five-year period. Wide-ranging in its approach, the book covers industrial relations, police-community relations, and questions of political representation and legal rights. The authors provide a novel theoretical analysis, drawing on both sociology and social psychology, which they apply to their own case studies and to other instances of disorder, from Grosvenor Square in 1968 to Wapping in 1986. They also consider the possible impact of new public order legislation, and the policy implications of their research.

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of tables and figures -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: The approach -- The flashpoints model -- Theories of disorder -- Conceptualizing disorder -- Research procedures -- A preliminary model -- Part one: Demonstrations and disorder -- Introduction -- 1 The Cutlers' Feast demonstration, April 1983 -- Background -- Overview -- Analysis -- Summary -- 2 The NUM rallies in Sheffield, April 1984 -- Background to the first rally -- Overview of the first rally -- After the first rally -- Analysis of the first rally and its aftermath -- Background to the second rally -- Overview of the second rally -- After the second rally -- Analysis of the second rally and its aftermath -- Summary of both rallies -- 3 Understanding demonstrations -- Comparison of case studies -- Vietnam war demonstrations, 1968 -- Southall, 1979 -- Manchester University, March 1985 -- Towards a model of disorder and order at demonstrations -- Part two: Picketing and disorder -- Introduction -- 4 The Hadfields mass picket, February 1980 -- Background -- Overview of events -- Analysis -- Summary -- 5 The picketing of Orgreave, May-June 1984 -- Background -- Overview of events: May -- Overview of events: June -- Analysis -- Summary -- 6 Understanding picketing disorder -- Comparison of case studies -- Industrial disorders 1972-87 -- Towards a model of industrial disorder -- Part three: Community disorders -- Introduction -- 7 The Haymarket, Sheffield, August 1981 -- Background -- Overview -- Analysis -- Summary -- 8 Disorders in Maltby and Grimethorpe, 1984 -- Background: Maltby and Grimethorpe -- Overview: Maltby -- Analysis: Maltby -- Overview: Grimethorpe -- Analysis: Grimethorpe -- Summary: Maltby and Grimethorpe -- 9 Understanding community disorder.

"Understanding Urban Riots" published on by Oxford University Press.

Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction: Understanding Riots -- The Endurance of the Irrationality Thesis of Crowd Behaviour -- Disorderly Criminals -- Depoliticising Collective Disorder -- Multivariate Explanations and the Political Significance of Riots -- 2: The Revised Flashpoints Model of Public Disorder -- The Rationality and Emotionality of Riots -- The Flashpoints Model of Public Disorder -- Related Theoretical Developments -- Introducing the Revised Flashpoints Model -- 3: 'France in Flames': The French Riots of 2005

This dissertation aims to apply David Waddington's Flashpoint Model to test the correlation of police response and protesters' law-breaking behavior. Generally, a flashpoint is an incident where trouble or violence might easily develop swiftly and unexpectedly. And where it may not be easy to control, or may even be uncontrollable. Waddington suggested that flashpoint describes a pre-existent situation of conflict in which a large-scale public disorder could be triggered by a trivial incident. Waddington's Flashpoint Model was developed in the 1980s to explain the occurrence of crowd disorder as a non-random phenomenon. In this thesis, we seek to understand Hong Kong protesters' law-breaking behavior, and argue that it too is not a random event. The underlying hypothesis is that particular policing actions will trigger protesters to break the law in order to relieve anger or dissatisfaction. Toward this goal, our research applies both qualitative and quantitative methods in the context of Waddington's flashpoint theory. According to David Waddington, to develop and evaluate a model of public disorder, there are altogether six levels of flashpoint, namely (i) structural level, (ii) political/ ideological level, (iii) cultural level, (iv) contextual level, (v) situational level and (vi) interactional level. Firstly, the structural level refers to the conflicts inherent in material and ideological differences between social groups and the extent to which they are resolvable within the existing social structure. Secondly, the political/ ideological level refers to the re1ationhip of the dissenting group to political and ideological institutions and their response to its activities. Thirdly, the cultural level refers to all the ways in which groups of people understand the social world and their place within it, their definitions of the rules which do or should govern behavior, and how they define themselves and other social groups. Fourth, the contextual level refers to long term and immediate sets of existing relations between those involved in the potentially disorderly situations, especially between the police and dissenting groups. Fifth, the situational level refers to the spatial and social determinants of an event or incident. Lastly, the interactional level refers to consideration of the dynamics of interaction between police and protesters (Waddington, Jones, & Critcher 1989). David Waddington (2007) suggested that the police plays a significant role in triggering public disorders by virtue of various police strategies, and are often perceived as having a repressive role. Accordingly, the police are perceived as trying to suppress demonstrations for political reasons, which, in turn, can further agitate protesters. However, Waddington's framework does not define which particular factors are most significant in enraging protesters. Having considered the current Hong Kong situation and existing protest circumstances, the two most relevant flashpoint levels are highlighted for further discussion. In this paper, we attempt to establish how situational level and interactional levels of Waddington's model serve to explain the correlation of police response and protesters' law-breaking behavior. ; published_or_final_version ; Criminology ; Master ; Master of Social Sciences

This book provides an understanding of the causes and management of public disorder. It seeks to describe and explain the processes by which the police interpret and respond to instances of public disorder, to account for variations in their strategies and tactics, and to identify the conditions in which police interventions (or inaction) may serve to enhance or reduce the potential for wider confrontation. It will be essential reading for anyone with an interest in policing, crowd behaviour and issues around public order and disorder.

The main objective of the present study was to characterize sex differences in the temporal discrimination and activity level of an animal model of attention deficit disorder (ADD) using a conjunctive 120-s variable interval 16-s differential reinforcement of low rate (VIDRL) schedule of reinforcement. The results showed that the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male was generally hyperactive and that the SHR female was both hyperactive and had severe time discrimination problems. The latter caused relatively fewer reinforcers to be delivered. However, even when a reinforcer was delivered, the SHR female frequently failed to collect it. When the SHR females were in diestrus, their behavior became even less efficient. The present findings with the animal model seem to be in general agreement with the behavior of ADD children when a DRL schedule is used. Most of our results were explained as due to impulsiveness, which is more pronounced in the SHR female than in the male. In addition, the SHR female had attention problems. The present study further supports the usefulness of the SHR as animal model of ADD.

1. Introduction -- 2. Unfolding public disorder and globalization -- 3. Analyzing cases of public disorder -- 4. Public disorder as an alternative for change -- 5. The policing of public disorder -- 6. States and justice -- 7. Is global terrorism an extreme case of public disorder? -- 8. Conclusion.

Intro -- Patterns of Provocation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. 'Blood May': The Case of Berlin 1929 -- Chapter 2. The Police and the ClichyMassacre, March 1937 -- Chapter 3. Sectarian Violence and Police Violence in Glasgow duringthe 1930s -- Chapter 4. The People's Police and the Miners of Saalfeld, August 1951 -- Chapter 5. New York's Night of Birmingham Horror -- Chapter 6. Policing Pit Closures,1984-1992 -- Chapter 7. The Role of the Police -- A Note on Further Reading -- Contributors -- Index.

The 1990's brought a fundamental global political change in which increasing volatility has been met with increasing acceptance of intervention in the internal affairs of states by bodies such as the UN and NATO for example in Iraq, Kosovo, and East Timor. This atlas discusses current and potential flashpoints, defined as areas of geopolitical instability that are likely to exert an influence well beyond their point of origin. Instability may result from any combination of military, political, economic, social, or environmental factors. Each entry summarizes the situation, defines the issues involved, discusses the current status, and provides a bibliography and a b&w map.

Cet article offre une analyse comparative des émeutes françaises de 2005 et de celles qui ont eu lieu en Angleterre en 2011 en mobilisant le flashpoints model of public disorder . Les auteurs identifient et étudient la signification d'un certain nombre de facteurs causaux sous-jacents à l'œuvre dans ces deux épisodes d'émeute, et abordent à la fois les causes de fond (de court et long terme) et l'évènement « déclencheur » qui a permis qu'une violence potentielle latente débouche sur une émeute. L'article fournit un cadre analytique pour une étude comparative de ces importants épisodes d'émeute, et démontre que ce modèle demeure pertinent et continue d'offrir un cadre conceptuel solide, au sein duquel l'anatomie du désordre collectif peut être disséquée et comprise.