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The rise of Artificial Intelligence applications is accelerating the pace and magnitude of the political, securitarian, and ethical challenges we are now struggling to manage in cyberspace and beyond. So far, the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and cyberspace has been investigated mostly in terms of the effects that AI could have on the digital domain, and thus on our societies. What has been explored less is the opposite relationship, namely, how the cyberspace geopolitics can affect AI. Yet, AI applications have so far suffered from growing unrest, disorder, and lack of normative solutions in cyberspace. As such, from algorithm biases, to surveillance and offensive applications, AI could accelerate multiple growing threats and challenges in and through cyberspace. This report by ISPI and The Brookings Institution is an effort to shed light on this less studied, but extremely relevant, relationship. ISPI. L'ISPI è un think tank indipendente dedicato allo studio delle dinamiche politiche ed economiche internazionali fondato nel 1934. È l'unico istituto italiano – e tra i pochissimi in Europa – ad affiancare all'attività di ricerca un significativo impegno nella formazione, nella convegnistica e nell'analisi dei rischi e delle opportunità a livello mondiale per le imprese e le istituzioni. L'ISPI privilegia un approccio interdisciplinare e "policy-oriented" reso possibile da un team di ricerca di oltre 50 analisti e può inoltre contare su un network internazionale di 70 università, think tank e centri di ricerca. Nella classifica redatta dall'Università di Pennsylvania, l'ISPI si è posizionato al primo posto al mondo tra i "Think Tank to Watch" nel 2020.

Five institutional fields were pinpointed as the main components of a public sphere in the introductory chapter (Engelstad, Larsen, Rogstad & Steen-Johnsen, this volume). They vary significantly in their institutional structure as well as the distribution of power. These variations to a large extent determine how the public sphere as a whole will function. In the present chapter each of the fields are briefly presented, in order to show some of their specificities, while at the same time pointing to their links to politics and political regulation. Even though material from Norway is the most prominent in this book, Norwegian society is part of a broader type of social formation. A broader focus on Nordic societies accentuates that the constellation of institutions in one country is not the product of purely random historical processes, but represent more stable institutional clusters. To the degree that there are central commonalities between the Nordic countries also when it comes to the shape of the public sphere, it makes sense to talk of a Nordic model in this respect, not only in the politico-economic sphere, as is most common. There have been and still are controversies over the fruitfulness of the concept of a Nordic model. Hence, the chapter is introduced by a brief discussion of alternative ways of conceiving a 'model'. Moreover, the discussion is informed by two important works: Comparing Media Systems (Hallin & Mancini, 2004) and The Media Welfare State (Syvertsen, Enli, Mjøs & Moe, 2014). Even though these works are limited to the media field, and thus cover only part of the topic treated here, they give valuable impulses to the understanding of the public sphere as a whole.

Five institutional fields were pinpointed as the main components of a public sphere in the introductory chapter (Engelstad, Larsen, Rogstad & Steen-Johnsen, this volume). They vary significantly in their institutional structure as well as the distribution of power. These variations to a large extent determine how the public sphere as a whole will function. In the present chapter each of the fields are briefly presented, in order to show some of their specificities, while at the same time pointing to their links to politics and political regulation. Even though material from Norway is the most prominent in this book, Norwe-gian society is part of a broader type of social formation. A broader focus on Nordic societies accentuates that the constellation of institutions in one country is not the product of purely random historical processes, but represent more stable institutional clusters. To the degree that there are central commonalities between the Nordic coun-tries also when it comes to the shape of the public sphere, it makes sense to talk of a Nordic model in this respect, not only in the politico-economic sphere, as is most common.There have been and still are controversies over the fruitfulness of the concept of a Nordic model. Hence, the chapter is introduced by a brief discussion of alternative ways of conceiving a 'model'. Moreover, the discussion is informed by two important works: Comparing Media Systems (Hallin & Mancini, 2004) and The Media Welfare State (Syvertsen, Enli, Mjøs & Moe, 2014). Even though these works are limited to the media field, and thus cover only part of the topic treated here, they give valuable impulses to the understanding of the public sphere as a whole. ; © 2017 Fredrik Engelstad, Håkon Larsen, Jon Rogstad, Kari Steen-JohnsenThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License

Studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans have involved limited focus on the specific risk and protective factors for female veterans and how these may differ from factors identified for male veterans. Additionally, models incorporating risk and protective factors for PTSD in female veterans have yet to include military sexual trauma (MST) as a risk factor. Given the prevalence of MST among female service members, this study examined whether MST predicts PTSD diagnosis in addition to other frequently examined variables (premilitary trauma exposure, combat exposure, postmilitary trauma, and perceived social support). In addition, the degree to which social support mediated any identified relationship between MST and PTSD diagnosis was explored, as well as whether MST moderated the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD diagnosis. An etiological model for PTSD was proposed and was explored for model fit with female veterans to determine pathways among risk and protective factors for women. Data were examined from 202 female veterans and active duty service members who took part in a multi-site research study conducted through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC). Results indicate that MST is a key risk factor to include in models of PTSD in female veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. It was found that social support mediated the relationship between MST and PTSD symptoms, and partially mediated the relationship between aftermath of battle and PTSD symptoms, but did not mediate the relationship between combat trauma and PTSD symptoms; rather, combat experiences had a direct effect on PTSD symptoms. Additionally, results suggest that experiences of premilitary trauma may increase female service members' vulnerability to MST and that social support mediated the relationship between premilitary trauma and PTSD symptoms, but only through an increased vulnerability to MST. Postmilitary trauma was also found to mediate the relationship between premilitary trauma and PTSD symptoms. Results may provide key information for developing training programs and therapeutic interventions to reduce both MST and PTSD in female veterans.

This study was intended to establish a relationship between the strategic foresight dimensions with the public policy attributes of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government. The data was collected through questionnaire survey staffs of UAE government organizations. A total of 397 valid responses were collected and analysed. The collected data was used to develop the relationship using AMOS software. It was found that the measurement model has fulfilled or achieved all the required criteria. For structural model evaluation, it found that the model has achieved all the set criteria of the evaluation. Results of the structural model evaluation found that strategic foresight influence 69 % of the public policy making. It also found that the model has the significant relationship between strategic foresight dimensions and public policy. It was found that the model has 47% predictive relevancy. This result indicates that there is a substantial and direct effect between the strategic foresight and public policy. Hypothesis testing was conducted on the model and found that there is a significant relationship between strategic foresight dimensions and public policy is achieved. This indicates that the model can be applicable to UAE authority and contributes to the body of knowledge for further research.

The characteristics of participatory institutions can be articulated in three main dimensions: input, process and output. The common assumption is that a dependency relationship exists, with process serving as a mediator between input and output. This paper puts the model to a rare empirical test drawing on a unique dataset of 70 Spanish advisory councils. Through a combination of exploratory factor and path analyses, we analyse the dimensionality of input, process and output and investigate the direct and indirect impact of inputs on process and outputs. Our analysis provides evidence that input factors have a direct impact on the output factor transparency, but their impact on effects on policy and participant satisfaction is mediated by the process factor deliberation. Further, the capacity of the public administration to steer the advisory council (wardship) mediates negatively the impact of input variables on transparency. The analysis provides a nuanced account of how different input and process design characteristics of participatory institutions have profound direct and indirect effects on their outputs.

This paper contributes to the literature on majority voting over fiscal policies. We depart from the standard model in two dimensions. First, besides redistributing income, the government uses the net tax revenue to finance the provision of goods and services that become in-kind transfers to the citizens. By deciding on the composition of this expenditure (education, health, law-and-order, etc.), the government chooses the allocation of the benefits to the different income segments. This choice is a fundamental ingredient of fiscal policy. Second, we tackle the problem of choosing the income tax function and the composition of public expenditure by assuming that the political process selects one of these issues as the salient one. Political controversy and vote focus on this issue exclusively. The other dimension is determined in a way so as to minimize objections (obtain consensus) among the voters. We analyze the case where the salient policy is the composition of public expenditure. We show that for each voted expenditure policy, there is a unique income tax function that attains consensus. The political process we model yields that the progressiveness of the income tax schedule depends on income inequality interacted with the elasticity of substitution of the goods provided in the market and those publicly provided. This relationship is confirmed in our empirical test. ; Peer reviewed

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a critical cause of morbidity and disability with an economic cost of hundreds of billions of dollars each year, necessitating more effective treatment strategies and novel approaches to translational research. A notable barrier in addressing this public health threat involves reliable identification of the disorder, as many affected individuals remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. An objective blood-based diagnostic test using transcript levels of a panel of markers would provide an invaluable tool for MDD as the infrastructure—including equipment, trained personnel, billing, and governmental approval—for similar tests is well established in clinics worldwide. Here we present a supervised classification model utilizing support vector machines (SVMs) for the analysis of transcriptomic data readily obtained from a peripheral blood specimen. The model was trained on data from subjects with MDD (n=32) and age- and gender-matched controls (n=32). This SVM model provides a cross-validated sensitivity and specificity of 90.6% for the diagnosis of MDD using a panel of 10 transcripts. We applied a logistic equation on the SVM model and quantified a likelihood of depression score. This score gives the probability of a MDD diagnosis and allows the tuning of specificity and sensitivity for individual patients to bring personalized medicine closer in psychiatry.

This article tells the story of a cross-cultural encounter on a beach at King George's Sound in the south west of Australia in 1826, when Major Edmund Lockyer arrived to establish a British military garrison. The account we have of those early encounters

This article tells the story of a cross-cultural encounter on a beach at King George's Sound in the south west of Australia in 1826, when Major Edmund Lockyer arrived to establish a British military garrison. The account we have of those early encounters

Models of formation of public policy existing in modern science explain specifics and order of making political decisions in the states. Depending on goals authors of these models focus attention on various aspects of development of political process. Models have the generalized character that gives the chance to apply them to the analysis of various systems, but considering contextual features of considered cases. Key words: public policy, political strategy, model of political process, system. ; Моделі формування публічної політики, які існують сьогодні в сучасній політичній науці, пояснюють специфіку і послідовність ухвалення політичних рішень у державах. Залежно від поставлених цілей, автори цих моделей акцентують увагу на різних аспектах розробки політичного процесу. Моделі носять узагальнений характер, що дає змогу застосовувати їх для аналізу різних систем, але з урахуванням контекстуальних особливостей кейсів, що розглядаються. Ключові слова: публічна політика, політична стратегія,модель політичного процесу, система.

Insomnia is a worldwide problem with substantial deleterious health effects. Twin studies have shown a heritable basis for various sleep-related traits, including insomnia, but robust genetic risk variants have just recently begun to be identified. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of soldiers in the Army Study To Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS). GWAS were carried out separately for each ancestral group (EUR, AFR, LAT) using logistic regression for each of the STARRS component studies (including 3,237 cases and 14,414 controls), and then meta-analysis was conducted across studies and ancestral groups. Heritability (SNP-based) for lifetime insomnia disorder was significant (h2g = 0.115, p = 1.78 × 10-4 in EUR). A meta-analysis including three ancestral groups and three study cohorts revealed a genome-wide significant locus on Chr 7 (q11.22) (top SNP rs186736700, OR = 0.607, p = 4.88 × 10-9) and a genome-wide significant gene-based association (p = 7.61 × 10-7) in EUR for RFX3 on Chr 9. Polygenic risk for sleeplessness/insomnia severity in UK Biobank was significantly positively associated with likelihood of insomnia disorder in STARRS. Genetic contributions to insomnia disorder in STARRS were significantly positively correlated with major depressive disorder (rg = 0.44, se = 0.22, p = 0.047) and type 2 diabetes (rg = 0.43, se = 0.20, p = 0.037), and negatively with morningness chronotype (rg = -0.34, se = 0.17, p = 0.039) and subjective well being (rg = -0.59, se = 0.23, p = 0.009) in external datasets. Insomnia associated loci may contribute to the genetic risk underlying a range of health conditions including psychiatric disorders and metabolic disease.

This research attempts to use Black-Schole-Merton (BSM) model based on market approach to predict default probability of publishing bank in Indonesia. This is done by using stock prices and financial report. In this effort, this study estimates the neutral risk and default probability for the publish bank. The result showed that option model can predict default status more with accurate event long before default information was published for public. It can be studied from the case of Bank Century that has been imposed as a failure bank, in which it is known as bailout bank by the Indonesian government. The model does not only provide the ordinal ranking for the bank sample but also the good early warning prediction for the public. The probability estimation based on the option model can be an innovative model to measure and manage credit risk on the future for predicting probability default in Indonesia.

It is estimated that over 134,000 American veterans identify as transgender and over 15,000 transgender people are serving in the US military today. As such, the prevalence rates of transgender individuals seeking services at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities have increased and are expected to further increase in the years to come. Historically, transgender veterans have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at higher rates in comparison to their cisgender veteran counterparts. This article summarizes what is known about PTSD in gender-diverse veterans and proposes a theoretical model to describe how bio-sociocultural factors in this population may interact to increase the risk of developing PTSD. This article will attempt to identify how these risk factors not only influence the development of PTSD but also impact the severity of posttraumatic symptomology. Consolidating the current academic knowledge for this marginalized population regarding the development of PTSD will also likely aid healthcare providers in making culturally appropriate treatment modifications. Finally, the authors of this article propose a theoretical model to describe how bio-sociocultural factors may interact to increase PTSD risk in gender-diverse veterans.

There has emerged in recent years a cascade of criticism aimed at the alleged obsolescence of the nation-state system which currently orders global politics, and the inadequacies of "mainstream literature and teaching about international studies (which) do not focus sufficiently upon global problems or long-range strategies for dealing with them" (Weiss, 1974: 22). According to this view, orthodox, empirical international studies train their focus on the state and its traditional "high politics" concerns of war and peace to the exclusion of other weighty concerns such as environmental deterioration, poverty, social injustice, and individual alienation. Nor are orthodox empirical studies likely to discover solutions to these problems, or even that of war, because these are seemingly products of the very nation-state system, which the international studies discipline, in its empirically conservative concern with state interactions, helps to perpetuate. A new normative order embracing the goal of world community is said to be needed if we are to survive these supposed dysfunctions of the nation-state system, and many advocates of this approach have set themselves the task of revising the international studies discipline to include discussion of all relevant problems, values, potential forces for change, and strategies for molding the future.