Suchergebnisse

En aquest estudi s'han analitzat les raons dels catalans per proclamar la República el dia 16 de gener de 1641, fet que reflectia la teoria política de la revolució i la seva aplicació pràctica. Per a la nostra argumentació, també hem confrontat i comentat un document en dues versions. Així doncs, l'efímera República Catalana va ser la proclama testimonial d'un projecte inicial de la voluntat col·lectiva revolucionària. ; The purpose of this study has been to analyse the reason that lead Catalans to proclaim the republic on the 16th January 1641, the political theory of the revolution and its practical application. In our line of argument, we have collated and analyzed a document in two different versions. Undoubtedly, the short-lived Catalan Republic was the clear manifesto of an initial project of the revolutionary collective will.

Jean-Pierre Gattuso et al. ; Free-ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) systems are designed to assess the impact of ocean acidification on biological communities in situ for extended periods of time (weeks to months). They overcome some of the drawbacks of laboratory experiments and field observations by enabling (1) precise control of CO2 enrichment by monitoring pH as an offset of ambient pH, (2) consideration of indirect effects such as those mediated through interspecific relationships and food webs, and (3) relatively long experiments with intact communities. Bringing perturbation experiments from the laboratory to the field is, however, extremely challenging. The main goal of this paper is to provide guidelines on the general design, engineering, and sensor options required to conduct FOCE experiments. Another goal is to introduce xFOCE, a community-led initiative to promote awareness, provide resources for in situ perturbation experiments, and build a user community. Present and existing FOCE systems are briefly described and examples of data collected presented. Future developments are also addressed as it is anticipated that the next generation of FOCE systems will include, in addition to pH, options for oxygen and/or temperature control. FOCE systems should become an important experimental approach for projecting the future response of marine ecosystems to environmental change. © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. ; The BNP Paribas Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for its support of the 2012 and 2013 xFOCE meetings and for supporting a 52 min eFOCE documentary. Additional support for the 2013 meeting was provided by the French Embassy in Washington DC. dpFOCE was supported by MBARI; cpFOCE by the Australian Research Council, the Pacific Blue Foundation, and the University of Queensland; eFOCE by the BNP Paribas Foundation, CNRS, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6; and swFOCE by MBARI, the Center for Solutions, and Hopkins Marine Station; antFOCE by the Australian Research Council, the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem CRC, MBARI, the Australian Antarctic Division, and the University of Tasmania. The International Atomic Energy Agency is grateful for the support provided to its Environment Laboratories by the government of the Principality of Monaco ; Peer Reviewed

AbstractTransshipment is one of the most common activities occurring between carriers and fishing vessels to exchange fish, as well as fuel, crew, and gear at sea or at port. While transshipment reduces the need for the fishing vessels to visit ports to offload their catches, thus increasing their efficiency, research has shown that this activity is also one of the major facilitators of IUU fishing. Research on transshipments is limited, and the few studies that are available on the subject focus on identifying hotspots of transshipment, and networks of actors involved. No study to date has examined the role ports play in facilitating transshipment activities, nor are there any studies that examine whether ports that are affiliated with China (the country with the highest IUU Fishing Index Score and 38% of the global share of distant-water fleets) are more likely to experience disproportionately higher volumes of FOC-flagged carrier vessel visits. Therefore, using the carrier vessel portal database from Global Fishing Watch, which contains information on the origin and destination ports of the carrier vessels involved in transshipment activities between 2015 and 2022, this research aims to (a) understand hot spots of FOC-flagged carrier vessel activity in the high seas and where such vessels offload their catches around the world; and (b) empirically test the characteristics of the ports (and the countries where these ports are located) used by these vessels to offload their catches. Findings suggest that ports that experience higher volumes of fishing vessel traffic, are in close proximity to high-seas transshipment activities involving FOC-flagged carriers, are designated ports of entry for foreign vessels, are Chinese-affiliated, as well as have low monitoring, control, and surveillance capacity are significantly more likely to be visited by FOC-flagged high-risk carrier vessels. This research proposes policy recommendations deriving from the findings of this research.