We report results from a dataset consisting of all courses taken by students at the City University of New York [CUNY] in fall 2019 and spring 2020. This time frame covers the semester prior to the wide-spread onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City (i.e., pre-pandemic), and the semester when the coronavirus precipitated a rapid and unprecedented forced shift of all courses within the university system to a fully-online mode of instruction early in the term (i.e., pandemic term). Findings indicate that students at two-year colleges, men, and certain racial/ethnic groups had less resilient course outcomes when comparing their rates of pre-pandemic vs. pandemic course outcomes. However, these differences were observed primarily among those students who had not originally chosen to enrol in any fully online courses that year. In contrast, students who had originally chosen to enrol in fully online courses that year were much more resilient, with differences by institution type, gender, and race/ethnicity by and large not exacerbated by the pandemic.
This collection was published in 2015 under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 licence. ; There is a growing and sober awareness among international policymakers and within global civil society that human trafficking, slavery and forced labour are not anomalies perpetuated by a few 'bad apple' employers. Rather, such severe labour exploitation is an endemic feature of the contemporary global economy. This edited collection brings together some of the sharpest minds from the worlds of academia and activism to investigate and shed light on the root causes of this exploitation. Its essays analyse how business demand for forced labour manifests in certain industries, as well as how political and economic factors combine to generate a supply of workers vulnerable to abuse. Written in intelligent yet accessible prose, it represents a key resource for policy, activism and research. ; -- Forced labour in the global economy, Genevieve LeBaron and Neil Howard --- Section one: forced labour in the world -- What has forced labour to do with poverty?, Nicola Phillips -- Forced labour under a changing climate: droughts and debt in semi-arid India, Marcus Taylor -- The role of market intermediaries in driving forced and unfree labour, Kendra Strauss -- Capitalism's unfree global workforce, Susan Ferguson and David McNally --- Section two: sector-specific dynamics -- It's time to get serious about forced labour in supply chains, Genevieve LeBaron -- Food retailers, market concentration and labour, Sébastien Rioux -- Free to stitch, or starve: capitalism and unfreedom in the global garment industry, Alessandra Mezzadri -- Still slaving over sugar, Ben Richardson --- Section three: existing policy responses -- Harsh labour: bedrock of global capitalism, Benjamin Selwyn -- Addressing forced labour in fragmented chains of production: protect…respect…and remedies for the global economy?, Fabiola Mieres and Siobhán McGrath -- Global supply chains: role of law? A role for law!, Andreas Rühmkorf -- Modern slavery and the responsibilities of individual consumers, Christian Barry and Kate MacDonald --- Section four: benchmarking and labour governance -- The politics of numbers: the Global Slavery Index and the marketplace of activism, André Broome and Joel Quirk -- ILO campaigns: missing the wood for the trees?, Jens Lerche -- What would loosen the roots of labour exploitation in supply chains?, Rachel Wilshaw -- Basic income and the anti-slavery movement, Neil Howard -- Forced labour is big business: states and corporations are doing little to stop it, Genevieve LeBaron and Neil Howard -- Contributors -- Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Editorial Board -- The Beyond Trafficking and Slavery short course
"At a time when global debates about the movement of people have never been more heated, this book provides readers with an accessible, student-friendly guide to the subject of forced migration. Readers of this book will learn who forced migrants are, where they are and why international protection is critical in a world of increasingly restrictive legislation and policy. The book outlines key definitions, ideas, concepts, points for discussion, theories and case studies of the various forms of forced migration. In addition to this technical grounding, the book also signposts further reading and provides handy Key Thinker boxes to summarise the work of the field's most influential researchers. Drawing on decades of experience both in the classroom and in the field, this book invites readers to question how labels and definitions are used in legal, policy and practice responses, and to engage in a richer understanding of the lives and realities of forced migrants on the ground. Perfect for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in courses related to migration and diaspora studies, Introducing Forced Migration will also be valuable to policy-makers, practitioners, journalists, volunteers and aid workers working with refugees, the internally displaced and those who have experienced trafficking"--
At a time when global debates about the movement of people have never been more heated, this book provides readers with an accessible, student-friendly guide to the subject of forced migration. Readers of this book will learn who forced migrants are, where they are and why international protection is critical in a world of increasingly restrictive legislation and policy. The book outlines key definitions, ideas, concepts, points for discussion, theories and case studies of the various forms of forced migration. In addition to this technical grounding, the book also signposts further reading and provides handy Key Thinker boxes to summarise the work of the field's most influential academics. Drawing on decades of experience both in the classroom and in the field, this book invites readers to question how labels and definitions are used in legal, policy and practice responses, and to engage in a richer understanding of the lives and realities of forced migrants on the ground. Perfect for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in courses related to migration and diaspora studies, Introducing Forced Migration will also be valuable to policy-makers, practitioners, journalists, volunteers and aid workers working with refugees, the internally displaced and those who have experienced trafficking.
Women continue to face challenges in having their asylum claims recognized under the Refugee Convention. This is to a significant extent due to the ways in which the Convention is applied to women's claims and is particularly the case in gender-based persecution claims. While there have been important advances in the field of gender and refugee law, contributing to an improved understanding of the relevance of gender within international refugee law, there remains a need for more gender-sensitive interpretations of the Convention. This article critiques the ways in which the political opinion ground of the Refugee Convention has been applied to some women's forced marriage claims in the United Kingdom. Women's gender-based persecution claims are often categorized under the membership of a particular social group ground and the political opinion ground remains an underused and narrowly interpreted category. Drawing on feminist critiques, it is argued that this demonstrates an underlying gendered politics, and that the political opinion ground can indeed be relevant to women's asylum claims involving forced marriage. Women's resistance to their gendered oppression in the form of forced marriage should be seen as a valid expression of their political opinion and agency.
Why would people abandon their homes in favor of an uncertain life elsewhere? The short answer, of course, is violence. More specifically, the authors contend that people monitor the violent behavior of both the government and dissidents and assess the threat such behavior poses to their lives, physical person, and liberty. The greater the threat posed by the behavior of the government and dissidents, the larger the number of forced migrants a country will produce. To test hypotheses drawn from this argument the authors use a global sample of countries over more than forty years. Their findings are held to be consistent with their argument, showing that violent behavior has a substantially larger impact on forced migration than variables such as the type of political institution or the average size of the economy.
This volume elucidates and explores the interrelationships and direct causal connection between serious international crimes, serious breaches to fundamental human rights and gross affronts to human dignity, that lead to mass forced migration. Forced migration most often occurs in the context of protracted armed conflict of a non-international nature where terrorism, fierce fighting, deep animosity, tit-for-tat retaliation, and "rapid dominance" doctrine all lead to the commission of atrocity crimes. Accordingly, this volume makes a valuable contribution to the literature and to the cause of trying to resolve mass forced displacement at its root cause to explore the course that it takes and how it might be prevented. The collection comprises original research by leading legal scholars and jurists focusing on the three central themes of serious international crimes, human rights, and forced migration. The work also includes a Foreword from Justice Sir Howard Morrison, Appeals Division of the International Criminal Court. The book will be a valuable resource for students, academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of International Law, Migration, Human Rights and International Criminal Law.
Abstract The increasing, although uneven, trends of global connectivity and uptake of mobile devices have growing implications for local and transnational family relationships and activities. For refugees and their families separated by physical geography and conflict, social media platforms can effectively bridge, and at times collapse, the distance between 'here' and 'there'. Offering a range of audio-, video-, and text-based interaction, these platforms represent a portal to engage with transnational family. Drawing upon a digital ethnography of resettled refugees over the course of a year using online methods, this article examines how the general ubiquity of connective media in New Zealand has created opportunities for co-presence with overseas family and how this impacts close proximal relationships. This article explores these tensions—the possibilities for connection and co-presence alongside its associated challenges, burdens, and affective paradoxes—to unpack the implications, positive and negative, as to how resettled refugees living in New Zealand use social media to practise family.
