A currency market is an important element in economic politics of the state. The last decades of development of home and world economy were reflected by the huge height of the international moving of capitals and strengthening of role of currency-financial relations. However, a world financial crisis negatively affected international currency relations. Violation of their stability showed up in instability of courses of national currencies of the most world countries. A currency market is the significant constituent of the financial system of the state. Currency market development reflects flexibility of the financial system and speed with that she can adapt to the changes in economic and political life of country to a great extent, and also to the different processes that take place after her limits.
The issue of investment in the agricultural sector and state regulation of investment activity is crucial for the development of any economy. With the economic crisis, these issues are of particular relevance. Therefore, to overcome the crisis and choosing the right targets economic development of the agricultural sector in Ukraine should learn foreign experience to attract investment and use. The article summarizes the international experience of investing agriculture in the developed world. The basic forms of state support for the agricultural sector, studied agriculture subsidies in developed countries. Also, the article outlines the main directions of the experience of foreign countries to support domestic agriculture.
Basic directions of external economic politics of Ukraine are considered. The specifics of reform of foreign policy and its role in economic development are shown. The result of the implementation of the foreign economic strategy of Ukraine was hit at the mercy of fluctuations in world market prices of raw materials. Active participation of Ukraine in the system of economic relations limited mainly low level of technical and economic development and low competitiveness of domestic products. The identified problems of foreign policy can be resolved on the basis of the transition from regulation of foreign economic activity as an independent sphere to represent it as part of an overall strategy of socio-economic development. Strategic policy directions of improving the regulation of foreign economic activity in Ukraine are set. It is proved that in modern conditions necessary qualitative changes in the composition and content of the regulatory functions of the state, which would be aimed at creating institutional support of the competitive environment and effective market mechanisms. Creation of institutional mechanism of counteraction to the negative consequences of processes of globalization of world economy is needed side by side with this, to external economic expansion of the developed states by defense of economic interests taking into account international norms and rules.
Розкрито сутність і зміст понять «інвестиції» та «іноземні інвестиції», досліджено класифікацію іноземних інвестицій за основними ознаками. Проаналізовано чинні нормативно-правові акти українського та міжнародного законодавства, які є правовою основою інвестиційного процесу, та розроблено рекомендації з удосконалення українського законодавства, зокрема рекомендовано ухвалити Інвестиційний кодекс України. ; The essence and content of the concepts of "investment" and "foreign investments" have been revealed. On this basis the author has made own definition of foreign investments in the broad sense. The forms of foreign investments and their classification according to the objects of investment, depending on the degree of control over the enterprise, etc. have been analyzed; it has been concluded that today foreign direct investments has a number of advantages for the Ukrainian economy compared to portfolio ones. Extended classification of investments has been provided. The current normative and legal acts of Ukrainian and international legislation that underlie the investment process have been analyzed. In order to improve Ukrainian legislation, the author has noted on the need to develop and adopt the Investment Code of Ukraine, which allows foreign investors to avoid unpredictable situations in the process of investing in the Ukrainian economy, and assists managers of international companies to develop scientifically based business plans of development for individual enterprises as well as for entire industries.
The article addresses the issue on the determination of ways to improve the legal regulation for contractual relations of purchasing private property for public needs, based on the European experience in regulating expropriation. To achieve it, general and special methods of scientific knowledge have been used, including system-structural, structural-logical, comparative-legal, deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, etc. The necessity of appreciation of the European experience of legal regulation of expropriation to optimize Ukrainian legislation in this area is emphasized. The article establishes the issue concerning the sameness of two legal tools, namely the contract of purchase of private property for public needs under Ukrainian law, as a general idea, which is now implemented through civil law agreements, and the expropriation agreement in several European states (Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). The advisability of expropriation agreement implementation into legislation and legal practice is substantiated; in this regard, expropriation agreement is considered as the special contract destined exclusively for regulation of purchase of private property for public needs. The author also suggests applying European approch to entitling the contract of purchasing of private property for public needs and identifying its terms; Expropriation Contract as a title is proposed. The article highlights the advantages of Expropriation Contract as a title. The amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the alienation of land and other real estate located on them, which are in private ownership, for public needs or for reasons of public necessity" according to European experience and author's examination are proposed. The author also recommends to change the name of the purchasing procedure to the procedure for voluntary expropriation (or voluntary alienation of private property for public needs).
У статті розглянуто зарубіжний досвід іншомовної підготовки офіцерів країн НАТО. Більш детально проаналізовано особливості мовної підготовки в таких країнах, як Велика Британія, США, Польща, а також Литва, Латвія та Естонія. Визначено поняття професійної та професійної іншомовної підготовки офіцерів Збройних Сил України. Наголошено на необхідності використання системи стандартів СТАНАГ 6001 у процесі мовної підготовки військовослужбовців. Визначено характерні риси системи іншомовної підготовки у збройних силах провідних країн світу - США, Великої Британії, а також Польщі та країн Балтії. ; The article examines the foreign experience of foreign language training of NATO officers. It also analyses in details the peculiarities of language training in such countries as Great Britain, the USA, Poland, as well as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The paper defines the concept of professional and professional foreign language training of the Ukrainian Army officers. It also emphasises on the necessity to use the system of standards STANAG 6001 in the process of language training of servicemen. The characteristic features of the system of foreign language training in the armed forces of the leading countries of the world - the USA, Great Britain, as well as Poland and the Baltic States are determined. The aim of the article is to theoretically substantiate the experience of some NATO countries in the field of professional foreign language training of servicemen as the main means of improving foreign language training of personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in international communication. The analysis of psychological- pedagogical and methodological literature, publications of periodicals, information resources of the Internet and educational-methodological editions is carried out. In the leading countries of the world the active and purposeful state policy in the field of military professional education is carried out. Military education, primarily of the tactical level, in all leading countries of the world is a corporate system of training military specialists, whose purpose is to perform tasks due to the specifics of the armed forces and the needs of their application in accordance with national regulations and documents. Foreign language education in Ukraine has a number of differences from the system of foreign language training in the armed forces of the world's leading countries - the United States and Great Britain. The characteristic features of foreign language training abroad are unification and centralization; course nature (training in courses of different duration with a focus on customer needs); constant immersion of learners in a foreign language environment; individualization and differentiation; active use of the latest techniques and technologies. Studying the experience of foreign language training in the armed forces of the United States and Great Britain as well as Baltic States will give an opportunity to improve foreign language training of personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in order to achieve interoperability with personnel of NATO and other international security organizations.
The article explores the political foundations of cooperation between the Ukrainian state and foreign Ukrainians. The state of protection of their rights in their countries of residence is analyzed. The need for detailed legislative regulation of the mechanism of interaction with the Ukrainian diaspora is being considered, which will positively affect the political image of Ukraine. The author considers that preserving the centers of national identity of the Ukrainian diaspora abroad provides considerable opportunities for utilizing the potential of popular diplomacy to promote Ukraine's national interests in the international arena, strengthening international and regional cooperation. At present, an institutional mechanism has been established in Ukraine in the sphere of development of relations with foreign Ukrainians and their associations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is responsible for this area. The author considers that an important aspect in securing the rights and cooperation with the Ukrainian diaspora is the approval by the Government of the State program of cooperation with foreign Ukrainians. Currently, the State Program for Cooperation with Foreign Ukrainians by 2020, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of Ukraine, is relevant. The article analyzes the influence of foreign Ukrainians on political image. The author argues that Foreign Ukrainians play a significant role in establishing Ukraine in the international community. It is an important demographic, intellectual, socio - cultural and information resource of the country. At the present stage, Ukraine's national interests require state support for maintaining the Ukrainian identity of the diaspora, including ensuring that its rights and freedoms are properly maintained, promoting the preservation of the Ukrainian language and culture in the diaspora environment, assisting in the implementation of educational programs and projects within Ukrainian communities.
The article investigates the multidimensional features of the public opinion influence on forming and realization of the foreign-policy activity of the country. The interdisciplinary approach, that connected work from sociology, law, political science and international relations, was used. On the basis of historical method, it was succeeded to extrapolate the received practices of the ХXth century as for taking into account of public idea on modern international events, a system method defined the state as a subject of international relations, taking into account the separate role of its institutes, a comparative method allowed to distinguish the features of influence of citizens on state decisions in the different political modes, and behaviorism allowed to distinguish the terms of change of the citizens' behavior, society in relation to a foreign policy. The realized analysis of the scientific approaches of realism and liberalism defined the historical epochs of their forming and basic tendencies of taking into account or ignoringthe citizens' moods at the level of the public policy in relation to the short-term and strategic tasks of power in its international cooperation. The groups of countries were certain, where they are most represented. It has been found that, the delineation of manipulative constituent of forming the public opinion became the important conclusion of the research by means of mass-media, by specially democratic countries, in relation to the most essential events as intruding in the other country, coalition participating in international conflicts, intervention, membership in intergovernmental organizations and others like that. Thereafter, it was well proven that the public opinion is the important process of the legitimacy of the foreign-policy activity of the state both inside the state and in cooperating with international players.
Introduction. Foreign direct investment occupies a significant place in financial flows and creates tools through which stable and long-term ties between countries are formed. Investment flows, which are both balanced and geographically and conjunctively disproportionate, can have positive and negative consequences for the host country's economy. Particular attention should be paid to the qualitative parameters of the foreign investment process, which include the country of origin of investments, that is, their geographical location.Purpose. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the geographical structure of foreign direct investment in Ukraine throughout the time-period of our country's existence as an independent participant in the process of foreign investment.Method (methodology). In the process of researching the selected topic, the following methods were used: monographic – in order to study the results of existing analytical research, the object of which is the process of foreign investment in Ukraine and its aspect as the geographical structure of foreign investments is investigated; method of calculating the relative values of the structure – for the research of the geographical structure of foreign direct investment in Ukraine, which made it possible to abstract from a specific numerical expression of the volume of parts of the population; tabular – for submission of analytical information about the object of research; graphic – for visual presentation of the obtained statistical data on the geographical structure of foreign direct investment in Ukraine. Results. International investment activity has a significant impact on the geographical structure of FDI in Ukraine. During the study period (1995 - the end of 2019) the main investors were European countries. They exported to Ukraine annually about 50 % of the total invested capital, and in 2006-2011s, this figure reached 70 %. Investments from the European Union play a crucial role in Ukraine's foreign direct investment process.According to the research, over the past 25 years there have been significant transformations in the territorial geographical structure of FDI in Ukraine. First of all, the number of investor countries has increased and the role of leaders, such as the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, has decreased. The role of investments from offshore countries and countries equated to them, such as Cyprus, Belize, the Bahamas, the British Virgin Islands, the Netherlands and others, has significantly increased. If in early 1995 the share of investments from these countries was about 11%, then at the beginning of 1998 this figure was 20 %, at the beginning of 2008 - 33%, at the beginning of 2011 – 51 %, and at the end of 2019 - 60 % respectively. It should be noted that there is no significant investment from South America, such as Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela, the industrialized countries of East and Southeast Asia and China, which is one of the 10 leading countries in the world. In this direction, promising investment cooperation should be expanded by concluding investment agreements taking into account the interests of future investors.Perspectives. In our opinion, promising in the future are studies of sectoral and territorial structure of FDI in terms of the largest countries of investors, assessment of their impact on the economic development of Ukraine in order to make effective management decisions in attracting foreign investors.
У статті досліджено закордонний досвід процесу запровадження аутсорсингу. Здійснено аналіз розвитку аутсорсингу в таких країнах, як США, Німеччина, Індія, Японія та ін. Визначено роль транснаціональних корпорацій у розвитку аутсорсингу, передусім інформаційних технологій, та зазначено, що американські компанії застосовують аутсорсинг як складову частину стратегії управління. Досліджено процес використання аутсорсингу великими відомими компаніями США та інших країн. Наведено приклади застосування аутсорсингу таких відомих компаній, як American Airlines, Ford, British Petroleum, Procter & Gamble, Dell, Exel та ін. Зазначено вплив розвитку аутсорсингу на економіки країн. Досліджено рейтинг країн за ступенем розвитку та впровадження аутсорсингу. Визначено чинники розвитку аутсорсингу в глобальній економіці та проаналізовано вплив людського ресурсу на розвиток аутсорсингу в різних країнах. Визначено шляхи державної підтримки розвитку аутсорсингу в країнах світу. У статті також зазначається, що українська галузь ІТ-аутсорсингу активно завойовує позиції на світовому ринку. Швидке зростання ІТ-аутсорсингу пояснюється перспективністю, престижністю та динамічністю ІТ-сфери в Україні. ; The article examines the foreign experience of the outsourcing process. The analysis of outsourcing develop ment in such countries as: USA, Germany, India, Japan, etc. is carried out. Outsourcing has become widespread due to the development of information systems and technologies. The role of multinational corporations in the development of outsourcing, primarily information technology, is determined and it is noted that American companies use outsourcing as a component of management strategy. Corporations such as Ford, British Petroleum, Procter & Gamble, Dell, Exel and others, due to the use of outsourcing have achieved high economic results: increased profits by almost half by reducing organizational and production costs, improving the overall efficiency of their companies, reengineering. Experts note that to day the leader in international outsourcing is India, which accounts for 42.5% of IT outsourcing worldwide. The foundations of India's successful development in the field of information technology outsourcing are the support of the state, whose government since 1970-1980 identified IT as a priority for economic development and created export-production zones with preferential tax regimes. A significant share of the outsourcing market belongs to China, as well as Singapore, the Philippines and Malaysia. These countries have a developed infrastructure and a high-tech culture that ensures high quality order fulfillment. Vietnam and Indonesia also have a significant impact on the global outsourcing market, primarily due to more attractive pricing policies. The impact of outsourcing on the economies of countries is noted. The ranking of countries by the degree of development and implementation of outsourcing is studied. According to the ranking, the top 10 countries in the outsourcing market include India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Chile and Colombia. It is worth noting that the leaders of the ranking are the countries of South and Southeast Asia, as well as Latin America. The factors of outsourcing development in the global economy are determined and the influence of human resources on the development of outsourcing in different countries is analyzed. The ways of state support for the development of outsourcing in the countries of the world are determined. In Germany, the High Technology Development Strategy was adopted last year, the main priorities of which are: innovative solutions in the field of digital technologies. The Brazilian government has adopted a new National Strategy for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation, which aims to reduce the technological gap between Brazil and developed countries. The article also notes that the Ukrainian IT outsourcing industry is actively gaining ground in the global market. The rapid growth of IT outsourcing is due to the prospects, prestige and dynamism of the IT sector in Ukraine
The article analyzes the main stages of the formation and development of mediation in the resolution of labor disputes in foreign countries. The reasons that contributed to the process of formation of mediation for the resolution of individual and collective labor disputes are analyzed, the main models of mediation used for their solution are determined. The development of mediation is one of the priority directions of improvement of existing mechanisms for resolving disputes and protecting violated subjective rights in various spheres of public life, including labor relations. The question of the expediency of the use of mediation for the settlement and resolution of labor disputes and the prospects for its application is relevant in the context of Ukraine's European integration. It should be borne in mind that the issue of conciliation procedures is covered by numerous recommendations and decisions of the Council of Europe. All this necessitates the study of the legislation of foreign countries on mediation in the resolution of labor disputes, peculiarities of application, approaches to the implementation of mediation in order to integrate it into the judicial system of Ukraine in accordance with European standards. The practice of solving labor disputes in the western countries is clearly demonstrating the active and successful use of mediation, its high performance. The main prerequisite for its implementation is the initiative of the parties, the involvement of the mediator in resolving the dispute, the confidence in the greater possibilities of mediation, the understanding that traditional litigation is not able to meet the needs of the parties to the dispute in full. After all, the court, in resolving a labor dispute, considers only legal aspects, regardless of psychological and other factors. An important factor in the impact on the development of mediation is state support, legislative provision of the procedure for conducting, financing, and encouraging mediation by the court. Mediation in each country ...
Introduction. One of the industries that can form the basis for the formation of «growth points» in the economy and promote the diffusion of innovation is biotechnology. The use of biotechnology helps to solve economic problems: overcoming the shortage of resources, solving energy problems through the development of bioenergy, waste processing, improving the quality of food for humans, animal feed and biomass for industrial use, creating highly effective drugs and more. At the same time, the innovative activity of enterprises in the field of biotechnology is associated with high commercial risks: the need for significant financial investments and basic technologies, long payback period, imperfect legal framework, complex commercialization mechanisms, the need to address intellectual property rights. Therefore, the country must create conditions for the development of biotechnology, and the state must play a key guiding role in this process.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the conditions for intensifying the development of biotechnology within national models.Results. The article considers the conditions for intensifying the development of biotechnology in the country. The study of foreign experience in the development of biotechnology allows to form a national model of biotechnology, taking into account available resources and positive experience in developing effective mechanisms of state support for relevant industries. Opportunities for the development of biotechnology exist not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. By forming «growth points», priorities in the development of biotechnology and creating favorable conditions for the development of research and commercialization in this area, each state can strengthen its competitive position in this market. Mechanisms of adaptation of effective methods of management of development of biotechnologies from experience of the developed countries and the developing countries for the Ukrainian innovative policy in the field of biotechnologies are proved.Originality. The definition of the national model of biotechnology development as a system of organization of economic relations taking into account historical features, level of economic development, scientific and technological, social, ecological and cultural features is formulated. Models of development of the biotechnological sector are classified into three groups: model of sustainable development, conservative model, model of catching up development.Conclusion. Biotechnology is a high-risk industry that requires significant investment, although if successful, it can bring significant commercial success. Therefore, the role of the state should be significant in terms of direct and indirect support for this innovative business. The choice of biotechnology development model depends on the available resource potential and the level of available technologies, the level of production development, infrastructure and institutional environment. Prospects for further research are related to the formation of mechanisms for government incentives for biotechnology within national models. Under the condition of activation of factors-stimulators of development, a favorable environment for the development of biotechnologies is created. However, if there are disincentives in the economy, they can be a barrier to the development of biotechnology, even with significant public funding for biotechnology. The choice of regulatory tools in a country depends on the resource potential, development priorities, the level of infrastructure development, the innovative potential of the business.
The general articulation of the issue and its connection with the important research and practice tasks deal with the regulation of the right of legislative initiative differs from country to country, which depends on peculiarities of political and legal system of each nation, current problems in draft law work in Ukraine should be obviously analyzed by comparison with foreign regulation. The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with show that subjects of legislative initiative may include: voters, individual ministries, heads of government (individually), parliamentary groups, factions, parliamentary committees or representative bodies of autonomy, self-government territories. Furthermore, identification of part of the general problem that have not been previously addressed in legislative processdistinguish relevant recommendations due to the crisis related to the emergence and spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this article is establishment of national and foreign regulation of the right of legislative initiative taking into account the current economic and social crisis related to the emergence and spread of COVID-19, as well as formation of recommendations for improving the submitted data, review and adoption of bills in the Ukrainian parliament. The key results prove the need to change the practical regulation of the legislative process and the critical necessity to create a separate research institution in the Ukrainian parliament to provide a primary and comprehensive impact assessment of each draft law on various spheres of society before its submission and registration. Conclusions certify that draft laws should be submitted on a clearly defined range of issues, as well as the list of subjects of the legislative initiative needs to be approached with special attention to the position of the Venice Commission, the European Parliament. Keywords: draft law; parliament; legislative process; subject and right of legislative initiative; European Union. ; Висвітлено законодавчі підходи до регулювання права законодавчої ініціативи в Україні, а також за її межами в окремих іноземних державах, зокрема у країнах Європейського Союзу. Опрацьовано національні дослідження щодо поточних проблем у законодавчому процесі та законопроєктній роботі в Україні, а також відповідні рекомендації стосовно їх вирішення. Подано вичерпну характеристику видів суб'єктів законодавчої ініціативи в іноземних державах, до яких залежно від форми правління та державного устрою можуть належати: виборці,окремі міністерства, очільники уряду (одноособово), депутатські групи, фракції, парламентські комітети або представницькі органи автономій, самоврядних територій. Акцентовано увагу на Доповіді та дорожній карті щодо внутрішньої реформи та інституційної спроможності Верховної Ради України з урахуванням відповідних рекомендацій та кризи, пов'язаної з виникненням та поширенням гострої респіраторної хвороби (COVID-19). Ураховано підходи законодавства іноземних країн до оптимізації законопроєктної роботи парламенту. Обґрунтовано потребу в зміні практичного регулювання законодавчого процесу та критичної необхідності створення окремої дослідницької інституції в українському парламенті для надання первинної та комплексної оцінки впливу кожного окремого законопроєкту на різні сфери суспільства перед моментом його подання на розгляд та реєстрацією в органі законодавчої влади. Визначено особливості законодавчого регулювання процедури подання суб'єктами законодавчої ініціативи в Україні та за її межами законопроєктів (українська назва) та проєктів відповідних актів (в іноземних державах мають різні назви) на розгляд до парламенту, а також розглянуто можливість науково-практичної дискусії щодо реформи Верховної Ради України та внесення змін до Регламенту парламенту в частині напрацювання відповідними робочими групами Стратегії вдосконалення законопроєктної роботи для поступового впровадження її на практиці. Ключові слова: законопроєкт; парламент; законодавчий процес; суб'єкт та право законодавчої ініціативи; Європейський Союз.
The general articulation of the issue and its connection with the important research and practice tasks deal with the regulation of the right of legislative initiative differs from country to country, which depends on peculiarities of political and legal system of each nation, current problems in draft law work in Ukraine should be obviously analyzed by comparison with foreign regulation. The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with show that subjects of legislative initiative may include: voters, individual ministries, heads of government (individually), parliamentary groups, factions, parliamentary committees or representative bodies of autonomy, self-government territories. Furthermore, identification of part of the general problem that have not been previously addressed in legislative processdistinguish relevant recommendations due to the crisis related to the emergence and spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this article is establishment of national and foreign regulation of the right of legislative initiative taking into account the current economic and social crisis related to the emergence and spread of COVID-19, as well as formation of recommendations for improving the submitted data, review and adoption of bills in the Ukrainian parliament. The key results prove the need to change the practical regulation of the legislative process and the critical necessity to create a separate research institution in the Ukrainian parliament to provide a primary and comprehensive impact assessment of each draft law on various spheres of society before its submission and registration. Conclusions certify that draft laws should be submitted on a clearly defined range of issues, as well as the list of subjects of the legislative initiative needs to be approached with special attention to the position of the Venice Commission, the European Parliament. Keywords: draft law; parliament; legislative process; subject and right of legislative initiative; European Union. ; Висвітлено законодавчі підходи до регулювання права законодавчої ініціативи в Україні, а також за її межами в окремих іноземних державах, зокрема у країнах Європейського Союзу. Опрацьовано національні дослідження щодо поточних проблем у законодавчому процесі та законопроєктній роботі в Україні, а також відповідні рекомендації стосовно їх вирішення. Подано вичерпну характеристику видів суб'єктів законодавчої ініціативи в іноземних державах, до яких залежно від форми правління та державного устрою можуть належати: виборці,окремі міністерства, очільники уряду (одноособово), депутатські групи, фракції, парламентські комітети або представницькі органи автономій, самоврядних територій. Акцентовано увагу на Доповіді та дорожній карті щодо внутрішньої реформи та інституційної спроможності Верховної Ради України з урахуванням відповідних рекомендацій та кризи, пов'язаної з виникненням та поширенням гострої респіраторної хвороби (COVID-19). Ураховано підходи законодавства іноземних країн до оптимізації законопроєктної роботи парламенту. Обґрунтовано потребу в зміні практичного регулювання законодавчого процесу та критичної необхідності створення окремої дослідницької інституції в українському парламенті для надання первинної та комплексної оцінки впливу кожного окремого законопроєкту на різні сфери суспільства перед моментом його подання на розгляд та реєстрацією в органі законодавчої влади. Визначено особливості законодавчого регулювання процедури подання суб'єктами законодавчої ініціативи в Україні та за її межами законопроєктів (українська назва) та проєктів відповідних актів (в іноземних державах мають різні назви) на розгляд до парламенту, а також розглянуто можливість науково-практичної дискусії щодо реформи Верховної Ради України та внесення змін до Регламенту парламенту в частині напрацювання відповідними робочими групами Стратегії вдосконалення законопроєктної роботи для поступового впровадження її на практиці. Ключові слова: законопроєкт; парламент; законодавчий процес; суб'єкт та право законодавчої ініціативи; Європейський Союз.
