Suchergebnisse

This chapter provides readers with an overview of the transformations of French defence policy since 1991. To a large degree, French defence policy is still perceived through a 'Gaullist' prism by non-specialist observers, who tend to analyse French defence developments by referring to a pursuit of 'independence' at all costs, or a willingness to maintain neo-colonialists' privileges. This chapter challenges this prevailing narrative by providing a concise yet complete analysis of the drivers of French defence policy. First, it discusses the French strategic culture, the institutional setting (role of the president, parliament, etc.) and civil-military relations in France. Second, it presents the role of nuclear weapons in French defence policy. Finally, it presents the evolution of the force structure since 1991. It also discusses the two key drivers of military change in France: interventions abroad and France's membership to international security institutions.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: LOWER GROWTH AMID RISING RISKS -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook and Risks -- POLICIES: SAFEGUARDING SUSTAINABILITY, INCLUSIVE GROWTH, AND RESILIENCE -- A. Fiscal Policy: Safeguarding Sustainability -- B. Structural Reforms: Supporting Inclusive Growth -- C. Financial Sector: Strengthening Resilience -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Policy Responses to the Gilets Jaunes Protest -- 2. Planned Fiscal Structural Reforms -- 3. Recent Efforts in Tackling Corruption and Supply-Side Bribery -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. External Sector -- 4. Financial Sector -- TABLES -- 1. 2019 Key FSAP Recommendations -- 2. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2015-24 -- 3. General Government Accounts, 2015-24 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 -- 5. Vulnerability Indicators, 2010-18 -- 6. Core Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- 7. Encouraged Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recomendations -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- V. Taking Stock of Inequality in France -- VI. Benchmarking Spending Reforms in France -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: A ROBUST RECOVERY -- OUTLOOK: POSITIVE PROSPECTS AMID GROWING RISKS -- THE POLICY AGENDA: GROWTH, JOBS, RESILIENCE -- A. Structural Reforms: Supporting Employment and Competitiveness -- B. Fiscal Policy: Credibly Reducing Spending and Public Debt -- C. Financial Sector Policies: Bolstering Private-Sector Balance Sheets -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Estimating France's Output Gap -- 2. Inequality and Labor Market and Fiscal Policies in France -- 3. Large Fiscal Consolidations: How Successful Have They Been? -- FIGURES -- 1. High Frequency Indicators -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. External Sector -- 4. Corporate Debt -- 5. Banking Sector: Key Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2014-23 -- 2. General Government Accounts, 2014-23 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 -- 4. Vulnerability Indicators, 2010-17 -- 5. Core Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- 6. Encouraged Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- ANNEXES -- Annex I. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy -- Annex II. External Sector Assessment -- Annex III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- Annex IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

This Selected Issues paper reviews business investment patterns in France during the crisis. The main motivation is to explore whether investment has recently evolved in line with established determinants or displayed somewhat unconventional dynamics. This paper addresses three distinct questions. First, has recent investment behavior essentially been consistent with past trends or is there any discernible structural break as a result of the crisis. Second, what drove the contraction in investment during the crisis. Third, what is the investment outlook and can a swift and strong rebound going

France has long-established procedures for approved consumer organizations bringing actions to defend general consumer or investor interests, involving injunctive relief, but debate on the introduction of collective damages actions has yet to resolve into reform. Traditional principles oppose an opt-out approach. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

This paper analyzes past fiscal consolidation plans and their outcomes in France. It covers the early attempts at fiscal consolidation in the 1970s and the 1980s (Plan Barre and Virage de la Rigueur), the first episode of medium-term fiscal consolidation in 1994-97 ahead of joining the European Economic and Monetary Union, and the fiscal consolidation under the corrective arm of the European Stability and Growth Pact in 2003-07. These experiences offer important lessons for the future, suggesting that binding constraints help focus policymakers' attention and justify their actions; spending re

Ausstattung der Haushalte mit Konsumgütern und
Qualitätsbewertung unterschiedlicher Waren aus verschiedenen Ländern.

Themen: Besitz, Marke und Anschaffungsjahr langlebiger Gebrauchs- und
Haushaltsgüter; Besitz von Musikinstrumenten, Sparbüchern, Aktien,
Lebensversicherungen und Haustieren; Gebrauch von Kosmetikartikeln;
Trink- und Ernährungsgewohnheiten; Rauch-, Koch- und Lesegewohnheiten;
Freizeitaktivitäten; Ansichten über die Jugend und die Kindererziehung;
Bewertung der wirtschaftlichen Lage; Kenntnisse und Vorstellungen über
andere Länder; Anziehungskraft anderer Länder; nationale Auto- und
Heterostereotype; Image der Produkte und Produktionsleistungen
verschiedener Nationen; Fremdsprachenkenntnisse; Auslandsreisen;
Flugreisen; Informiertheit über die EWG; Einstellungen zur EWG.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl;
Beruf; Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen; Haushaltsgröße;
Haushaltszusammensetzung; Haushaltungsvorstand; Wohnsituation; Besitz
langlebiger Wirtschaftsgüter.

Interviewerrating: Schichtzugehörigkeit des Befragten.

Dans l'inconscient national, le régime de Vichy, du fait de ses compromissions dans la collaboration avec l'occupant nazi et de ses égarements dans la « Révolution nationale », demeure une plaie profonde qui n'a cessé de fragiliser la cohésion du tissu national, dont le patriotisme est le ciment. Comment, dans un monde qui a tant changé, des événements vieux de sept décennies peuvent-ils garder quelque actualité ? Tout simplement dans le fait qu'alors, clairement, entre l'« État Français » d'une part, la France libre et la Résistance d'autre part, se sont affrontées deux conceptions de la France, radicalement contrastées, dans une lutte où la survie même de la nation était en cause. Leur mise en évidence reste plus éclairante que jamais pour une juste compréhension de ce que nous appelons la France, comme lieu d'un « vouloir vivre ensemble » susceptible d'inspirer le « patriotisme » au-delà des clivages de toutes natures.