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This chapter provides readers with an overview of the transformations of French defence policy since 1991. To a large degree, French defence policy is still perceived through a 'Gaullist' prism by non-specialist observers, who tend to analyse French defence developments by referring to a pursuit of 'independence' at all costs, or a willingness to maintain neo-colonialists' privileges. This chapter challenges this prevailing narrative by providing a concise yet complete analysis of the drivers of French defence policy. First, it discusses the French strategic culture, the institutional setting (role of the president, parliament, etc.) and civil-military relations in France. Second, it presents the role of nuclear weapons in French defence policy. Finally, it presents the evolution of the force structure since 1991. It also discusses the two key drivers of military change in France: interventions abroad and France's membership to international security institutions.

Provides an overview of politics in France in 1999, highlighting election results & prominent issues. 2 Tables, 3 References.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: LOWER GROWTH AMID RISING RISKS -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook and Risks -- POLICIES: SAFEGUARDING SUSTAINABILITY, INCLUSIVE GROWTH, AND RESILIENCE -- A. Fiscal Policy: Safeguarding Sustainability -- B. Structural Reforms: Supporting Inclusive Growth -- C. Financial Sector: Strengthening Resilience -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Policy Responses to the Gilets Jaunes Protest -- 2. Planned Fiscal Structural Reforms -- 3. Recent Efforts in Tackling Corruption and Supply-Side Bribery -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. External Sector -- 4. Financial Sector -- TABLES -- 1. 2019 Key FSAP Recommendations -- 2. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2015-24 -- 3. General Government Accounts, 2015-24 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 -- 5. Vulnerability Indicators, 2010-18 -- 6. Core Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- 7. Encouraged Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recomendations -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- V. Taking Stock of Inequality in France -- VI. Benchmarking Spending Reforms in France -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

a This report on France contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.--Publisher's description

Analyzes election results and cabinet changes in France during 2004. Tables, References.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: A ROBUST RECOVERY -- OUTLOOK: POSITIVE PROSPECTS AMID GROWING RISKS -- THE POLICY AGENDA: GROWTH, JOBS, RESILIENCE -- A. Structural Reforms: Supporting Employment and Competitiveness -- B. Fiscal Policy: Credibly Reducing Spending and Public Debt -- C. Financial Sector Policies: Bolstering Private-Sector Balance Sheets -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Estimating France's Output Gap -- 2. Inequality and Labor Market and Fiscal Policies in France -- 3. Large Fiscal Consolidations: How Successful Have They Been? -- FIGURES -- 1. High Frequency Indicators -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. External Sector -- 4. Corporate Debt -- 5. Banking Sector: Key Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2014-23 -- 2. General Government Accounts, 2014-23 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 -- 4. Vulnerability Indicators, 2010-17 -- 5. Core Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- 6. Encouraged Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- ANNEXES -- Annex I. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy -- Annex II. External Sector Assessment -- Annex III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- Annex IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Provides an overview of politics in France in 2000, highlighting election results & national issues. 3 Tables, 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

This Selected Issues paper reviews business investment patterns in France during the crisis. The main motivation is to explore whether investment has recently evolved in line with established determinants or displayed somewhat unconventional dynamics. This paper addresses three distinct questions. First, has recent investment behavior essentially been consistent with past trends or is there any discernible structural break as a result of the crisis. Second, what drove the contraction in investment during the crisis. Third, what is the investment outlook and can a swift and strong rebound going

Compares the relationship between female education & first union formation in France vs in Sweden. As in Sweden, levels of female educational attainment & employment in France have risen dramatically in recent years, while entry into marriage has been increasingly delayed, according to national statistics. Unlike Sweden, though, educational level in France is found to have a strong effect on nonstudents' choice between marriage & cohabitation. It is concluded that the patterns of historical development of gender differ between France & Sweden, although there are still many similarities. 7 Tables, 2 Figures, 25 References. M. Wagner

France has long-established procedures for approved consumer organizations bringing actions to defend general consumer or investor interests, involving injunctive relief, but debate on the introduction of collective damages actions has yet to resolve into reform. Traditional principles oppose an opt-out approach. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

For France, 2003 saw efforts to modify Article 1 of the 1958 Constitution to allow decentralization of organization. Decentralization was part of a triumvirate of policies implemented along with law & order & pension reform. Although there was consensus regarding opposition to the war in Iraq, opinion was divided on social issues, eg, labor relations, pensions, & the health care system crisis. The latter came to a head as a result of the some 15,000 deaths from a heat wave. 1 Table, 3 References. J. Zendejas