Suchergebnisse

This paper analyzes past fiscal consolidation plans and their outcomes in France. It covers the early attempts at fiscal consolidation in the 1970s and the 1980s (Plan Barre and Virage de la Rigueur), the first episode of medium-term fiscal consolidation in 1994-97 ahead of joining the European Economic and Monetary Union, and the fiscal consolidation under the corrective arm of the European Stability and Growth Pact in 2003-07. These experiences offer important lessons for the future, suggesting that binding constraints help focus policymakers' attention and justify their actions; spending re

Press data from Le Monde on environmental protest are drawn on to explore the rise & fall of green protest in 1990s France. Demonstrated is the pervasive structural weakness of the French environmental movement, seen as a function of political & economic factors. Electoral results of green parties are then compared to the pattern of environmental protest to shed further light on this structural weakness. Analysis of the groups involved reveals a double process of fragmentation & institutionalization that undermined mobilization. The morphology of the environmental movement is considered to assess the former, while institutionalization involved the co-opting of associations by local & regional authorities for establishing projects with no concomitant discretionary power. In addition, the widespread acceptance of environmentalism has also contributed to the movement's decline. 6 Tables, 3 Figures. J. Zendejas

Press data from Le Monde on environmental protest are drawn on to explore the rise & fall of green protest in 1990s France. Demonstrated is the pervasive structural weakness of the French environmental movement, seen as a function of political & economic factors. Electoral results of green parties are then compared to the pattern of environmental protest to shed further light on this structural weakness. Analysis of the groups involved reveals a double process of fragmentation & institutionalization that undermined mobilization. The morphology of the environmental movement is considered to assess the former, while institutionalization involved the co-opting of associations by local & regional authorities for establishing projects with no concomitant discretionary power. In addition, the widespread acceptance of environmentalism has also contributed to the movement's decline. 6 Tables, 3 Figures. J. Zendejas

Dans l'inconscient national, le régime de Vichy, du fait de ses compromissions dans la collaboration avec l'occupant nazi et de ses égarements dans la « Révolution nationale », demeure une plaie profonde qui n'a cessé de fragiliser la cohésion du tissu national, dont le patriotisme est le ciment. Comment, dans un monde qui a tant changé, des événements vieux de sept décennies peuvent-ils garder quelque actualité ? Tout simplement dans le fait qu'alors, clairement, entre l'« État Français » d'une part, la France libre et la Résistance d'autre part, se sont affrontées deux conceptions de la France, radicalement contrastées, dans une lutte où la survie même de la nation était en cause. Leur mise en évidence reste plus éclairante que jamais pour une juste compréhension de ce que nous appelons la France, comme lieu d'un « vouloir vivre ensemble » susceptible d'inspirer le « patriotisme » au-delà des clivages de toutes natures.

International audience ; This chapter deals with the development of public relations (PR) as a professional field in France, from 1945 to the late 1980s. Not initially considered as a strategic management function, French PR sought to gain legitimacy in its early years, implicitly differentiating itself from the model of North-American PR by which it was inspired, through a focus on the ethical dimension of the profession and its distinction from the related professions of journalism and advertising. Professional associations reflected these concerns and played a key role in helping the profession construct its identity. Social evolutions, especially the civil unrest associated with May 1968, can also be seen to have influenced the development of PR, underlining deeper social trends and the growing need for social dialogue both within organisations and externally. Successive governments and the public sector in general also played an important role in legislating and then legitimising the profession on several occasions. By the late 1980s, the strategic dimension of the PR / communications function had become accepted in many major organisations.