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The article discusses the main stages of the history of Christian feminism in France. At the same time, the author focused on his history of the second half of the 20th century, when feminism received more incentives and went beyond the framework of the simple struggle for civil equality. Christian feminism was formed at the turn the XIX–XX centuries influenced by the processes of secularization, the anticlerical policy of the left forces and the first wave of feminism, marked by the struggle for the legal rights of women. Having emerged as one of the currents of feminism, Christian feminism acquired an independent meaning, concentrating on the advancement of female emancipation within the Church. After World War II, his supporters moved away from the traditional concept of a housewife and mother, arguing in favor of expanding not only the political but also the social rights of women. During the May events of 1968, they were influenced by the second wave of feminism – the movement for sexual emancipation, which was reflected in their approach to discussions about legalizing abortions and contraception. During this period, one of the main points of Christian feminism in France was the search for a new place for women in the Church, the question of women's right to hold church departments, attitudes towards celibacy and the development of feminist theology. ; В статье рассматриваются основные этапы истории христианского феминизма во Франции. В то же время автор сделал акцент на его истории второй половины XX века, когда феминизм получил дополнительные стимулы и вышел за рамки простой борьбы за гражданское равенство. Христианский феминизм сформировался на рубеже XIX–XX вв. под влиянием процессов секуляризации, антиклерикальной политики левых сил и первой волны феминизма, ознаменованной борьбой за юридические права женщин. Возникнув как одно из течений феминизма, христианский феминизм впоследствии приобрел самостоятельной значение, концентрируясь на продвижении женской эмансипации внутри Церкви. После Второй мировой войны его сторонники отходят от традиционной концепции женщины-домохозяйки и матери, высказываясь в пользу расширения не только политических, но и социальных прав женщин. В период майских событий 1968 года они оказались под сильным влиянием второй волны феминизма – движения за сексуальную эмансипацию, что отразилось в их подходе к дискуссиям о легализации абортов и контрацепции. В этот период одним из главных пунктов христианского феминизма во Франции стал поиск нового места женщины в Церкви, вопрос о праве женщин занимать церковные кафедры, отношение к целибату и разработка феминистской теологии.

This article studies an episode of the France-Russia relations dating back to the early 18th century when there were no permanent diplomatic contacts between Russia and France. Referring to archival sources, the author describes the events behind the appointment of the first Consul of France in St Petersburg, Henri Lavie, as well as the political and economic circumstances that led to the establishment of trade relations between the two countries. The author analyses various offers as regards the development of French-Russian trade that were being employed by French merchants and the French authorities at the beginning of the 18th century. Additionally, the author describes both the objective (commercial and diplomatic) and subjective reasons that impeded the realisation of these offers. Despite the desire of the French authorities and Peter I himself to develop trade between the two countries, the first bilateral agreement was only concluded on the eve of the French Revolution. The article is supplemented by two letters that are part of Henri Lavie's correspondence with the Navy Minister Count de Pontchartrain kept in the National Archive of France. In a concise form, they reflect the plans of the French government regarding Russia, whose geopolitical influence and share in European trade were getting more and more significant at the time. The letters concern a number of general issues related to the bilateral relations in the context of Russia's war with Sweden, and discuss the issues connected with the establishment of permanent trade relations. ; Статья посвящена одному эпизоду франко-российских отношений, относящемуся к началу XVIII в., когда между Россией и Францией еще не существовало постоянных дипломатических контактов. С опорой на архивные источники автор описывает историю назначения первого консула Франции в Санкт-Петербурге Анри Лави, а также политические и экономические обстоятельства, в которых происходило становление торговых отношений между двумя странами. Анализируются различные предложения относительно развития франко-российской торговли, которые продвигались французскими купцами и властями Франции в начале XVIII столетия. Автор описывает как объективные (коммерческие, дипломатические), так и субъективные причины, не позволившие этим предложениям воплотиться в жизнь. Несмотря на желание французских властей и самого Петра I развивать взаимную торговлю, первый двусторонний договор о торговле будет заключен лишь накануне Великой Французской революции. В приложении публикуются два письма, являющиеся частью переписки между Анри Лави и государственным секретарем по морским делам графом де Поншартреном, сохранившиеся в Национальном архиве Франции. Они в сжатой форме отражают планы французского правительства относительно России, чье геополитическое влияние и доля в европейской торговле в это время становились все более значительными. В письмах поднимаются общие вопросы двусторонних отношений в контексте войны России со Швецией, а также обсуждаются проблемы установления постоянных торговых связей.

The article analyzes when and how the figure and the poetry of Taras Ševčenko were presented in Italy and in France during the second half of the 19th century. The first serious contribution to the knowledge of Ševčenko's œuvre was made in Italy by Mixail Drahomanov: under the pseudonym "Ukraino", he wrote in 1873, on the pages of Angelo De Gubernatis' "Rivista europea" (1869-1876). Drahomanov's rich and long essay on the "Ruthenian" literary movement assessed the conception of Little-Russia/Ukraine in order to help the Italian public to understand the complexity of the Eastern Slavic world. In France, apparently, Ševčenko's name was known as early as 1862, but an appreciable evaluation took place only at the end of the 1870s. A primary role was played by the liberal-conservative "Revue des deux mondes", where Émile Durand published, notwithstanding some resistance from the editor, a very serious and inspired article on Ševčenko's life and works, thanks to the general interest in the Slavic world and its cultural and political developments shown by the French journal. All the authors dealing with Ukrainian culture in general and with Ševčenko in particular expressed the hope that knowledge about them could grow in the future: unfortu- nately, this did not happen in any appreciable measure and even now Ukraine and its major poet are little known in Western countries.

Ilustración: "Child driving a toycar". State Library of Queensland ; Nella letteratura ottocentesca per l'infanzia rientrano i cosiddetti "romans scolaires", che in Francia hanno segnato l'esigenza "democratica" di alfabetizzazione delle classi popolari. Questo genere di testi, sfruttando lo schema del "tour", cioè del viaggio come esperienza formativa, coniugano l'invenzione, quindi il piacere della lettura, con il disegno pedagogico. Tuttavia, Le tour de France par deux enfants di G. Bruno è qualcosa di più significativo: rappresenta il tentativo di riappropriazione da parte dei due bambini dello spazio francese, mutilato dell'Alsazia e della Lorena in seguito alla guerra franco-prussiana del 1870, attraverso un confronto continuo con la memoria dei luoghi e dei tempi che fornisce le basi dell'unità nazionale. ; Au XIXème siècle ce qu'on appelle les "romans scolaires", qui en France ont marqué l'exigence "démocratique" d'alphabétisation des classes populaires, font partie de la littérature pour l'enfance. Ce genre de textes, exploitant le schéma du "tour", c'est-à-dire du voyage comme expérience de formation, unissent l'invention, donc le plaisir de la lecture, au projet pédagogique. Toutefois, Le tour de France par deux enfants de G. Bruno est bien plus significatif: il représente la tentative de réappropriation de la part de deux enfants de l'espace français, mutilé après la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870 de l'Alsace et de la Lorraine, moyennant un dialogue continu avec la mémoire des lieux et des temps fournissant dans la diversité régionale les bases de l'unité nationale.

The author pursued the aim — to reveal features of an image of the Napoleonic era in art and multimedia space of France. Using methodology of "communicative memory", the author analysed an image of the French emperor in fiction, advertising, cinema, computer games. The image of Napoleon is actively used in the art forming mass ideas of historical events. In recent years there was a huge number of the computer games devoted to the Napoleonic era and allowing players not only to like the spirit of that time but also to offer a possible alternative to a succession of events of the past. So art and closely related, especially today, multimedia space prolong the virtual life of Napoleon. Writers, directors, marketing specialists seek to create a heroic image of the Napoleonic era. They or sing of the emperor's victories, or justify his defeats. The fiction recovers Bonaparte not only in historical memory but also in political space, drawing analogies between Napoleon and Sarkozy. In virtual space of computer games Napoleon always the hero; it or gives a task, helps to reveal secrets, or players participate in battle on its party. Advertising uses Napoleon as a known brand, influencing the mass idea of French of this era. So art and multimedia space promote preservation in minds and souls of French of a great imperial idea which as believe many, is a pledge of the future of France. This article can be used in research of representations of the power in cultural memory and multimedia space.