Suchergebnisse

Intergovernmental service agreements, transfer of functional responsibility to the county and state levels, establishment of regional special districts and state-controlled public authorities, and federal preemption during the past fifteen years have combined to effect major changes in the metropolitan governance system. Available evidence sug gests that few metropolitan governments will be created by popularly approved charters during the next decade and the ones created probably will be located in the South. The up ward transfer of functional responsibility, however, will incrementally transform a number of counties into metro politan governments. The failure of charters creating area wide governments to win voter approval and the growing seriousness of metropolitan problems have been responsible for state and federal initiatives seeking solutions for the prob lems. The most important state initiatives have been the establishment of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Council and the creation of state-controlled public authorities in New York. The federal initiative has taken the form of promotion of interlocal cooperation and exercise of preemptive powers. Whereas interlocal cooperation has failed to solve the major problems of the metropolis, partial federal preemption of the right to regulate air and water pollution abatement has en hanced the quality of the environment.

AbstractThe wide variations between cities in area, density of population, and suburban relationships make it difficult to set up a definition applicable everywhere.

"Sustainable Metropolitan Development – Governance Challenges in Cluj Metropolitan Area. Nowadays the success of the urban management is largely dependent on the capacity to adopt efficient instruments that are able to deal with and adjust the complexity of urban systems to the necessities demanded under the ethos of sustainable development. Despite the various difficulties caused by the urbanization processes, there is also prospect to achieve progress in the creation of sustainable regions. Notwithstanding, sustainable development is dependent on whether the right tools and methods are used in the urban management practice. Therefore, in the paper we offer a review of the development challenges in the Cluj Metropolitan Area (CMA) and establish a framework for approaching sustainable metropolitan development from an integrated governance perspective. The mechanism relies on the fact that the territorial reality of urban sustainability can only be effective if addressed from a metropolitan perspective. The approach is analysed by the use of interviews with professional experts and public officials representing the CMA. The results show that a metropolitan wide vision, cooperation, leadership and community involvement are prerequisites of metropolitan sustainability. Keywords: urban planning, Cluj Metropolitan Area, integrated governance, sustainable development."