Suchergebnisse

The Soviet goal of a worldwide Marxist based ideology uses UNESCO as a prime mechanism; the Third World influence at UNESCO has fostered cooperation with Iron Curtain journalists. The UN & the Third World are both turning against free enterprise press & yet they have supported Carter's human rights campaign. Neither Ambassador Young nor the Carter Administration seems disturbed by the coalition against the free press & thus the human rights movement appears hypocritical. The view that the press must function to serve the needs of the developing socialist state is widespread, & there has been a decline in press operations independent of the state among African nations in direct proportion to the rise of socialism there. There is evidence that Carter would like to use African methods to suppress information. There is a crisis of the Western concept of freedom, as reflected in Carter's contradictory human rights policies. America is abandoning opposition to totalitarianism & the trend toward state control of the press is going unchecked. Justice Warren Burger has made decisions supporting freedom of speech & the Nixon-Agnew clash with the press over the Pentagon Papers was a victory for the press. But recent events including minority movements have enhanced the power of the state at the expense of the individual. Intellectual & economic freedom are inseparable. L. Kamel.

In the late nineteenth century, when American boys were devouring the success stories of Horatio Alger and cultivating the prescribed virtues of thrift and industry in hopes of jumping from rags to riches overnight, boys on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean were dreaming similar dreams. The Christian boy of the Levant was particularly drawn to such success stories. His decision for a business career was not entirely of his own choosing, for as members of a Christian minority in a Muslim land his ancestors had long been excluded from the most prestigious official careers of the Ottoman Empire–the bureaucracy, the military, and the Muslim religious profession. Since these choice callings were reserved for Muslims, thedhimmî subjects of the Sultan had no choice but to concentrate their energies on banking and trading, shopkeeping and shipping. Making the best of the situation, the indigenous Christian of the Ottoman Empire threw himself into these business careers and sometimes amassed such a fortune that he came to occupy unofficial positions of considerable influence. Often his position as agent and protégé of a European shipping house gave him a decided advantage over Muslim merchants. Increasing the toehold given to it by the Capitulations agreements, Europe made its power increasingly felt in the Middle East during the nineteenth century, and the protégé of a European power could no longer be treated arbitrarily by Ottoman authorities.