Suchergebnisse

In the wake of the Enron and WorldCom accounting scandals, Congress created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB") under the aegis of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), with President Bush's support. Its purpose was to replace deficient accounting industry self-regulation with effective external regulation. The choices it made in doing so engendered passionate arguments about constitutionally necessary presidential authority and separation of powers. These divided the D.C. Circuit 2-1 and will be rehearsed before the Supreme Court in the coming weeks. President Bush's administration defended those choices; Judge Rogers, writing for the majority, found no valid constitutional objection to them (albeit not without some difficulty). On the other side, petitioners the Free Enterprise Fund and Judge Kavanaugh in dissent marshaled strong arguments that, if accepted in their entirety, would put the constitutionality of a wide range of government institutions in shadow. Starting with the constitutional text, and seeming almost to regard the cases as a nuisance to an intermediate court judge, Judge Kavanaugh's opinion is an open invitation to the originalists on the Court. The grant of certiorari, after extensive filings venturing far more deeply into the merits of the case than, in the writer's experience, is generally supposed to happen, suggests that the newly reconstituted Court could well prove sympathetic.

This article presents personal reflections on a vision to move the Blacks in America from a state of despair to one of prosperity. It is a bold attempt to present the experience of 50 years of activism, teaching, and writing on the subject. I have a clear vision of how the community, local government, and the university can join forces in a social and economic development project that would help poor Blacks form and own "tenant Organizations" and make them "Stockholders," through carefully planned and executed cooperation. It is a real game changer in the lives of the American Blacks since the days of Black Wall Street.

The history of Texas and Houston is directly related to the rise of modern capitalism. Through a historiographic observation, in this paper we examine the emergence and consolidation of the city of Houston and how it has captured the intervention of private capital in a voracious land appropriation scheme and speculative real estate industry. This development is founded over a deep-rooted ideology that permeates Houston and Texas, considering land as a commodity and a culture of privatism. We review the rationale and protagonists of the relevant historic phases of urban development that have fed the cultural symbolic dimension of the "free enterprise city" and "city of the future." And, demonstrate the fallacy of the laissez-faire ideology predicated by the business elite while lobbying for government funds to extend Houston's urban territory, build infrastructure, and invest in expensive industrial facilities which mainly benefit the elite.

This essay traces the development of the Malta Chamber of Commerce, Enterprise and Industry from the 1960s until 2013, including some of its major milestones such as its merger with the Federation of Industry and the impact of Malta's accession to the European Union. ; peer-reviewed

The active development of technology enbled mankind to realize new programs for the exploration of previously inaccessible areas of the universe hundreds of thousands of kilometers away. The emergence of this new field created the need to ensure its special legal regulation, which would correspond to the specific characteristics of this business. But now we have entered into a phase of re-evaluation of existing legislation of space and we must realise that alongside countries operating in space an has arisen entirely new entity - the private sector. Therefore it is necessary to ask ourselves whether the privatization and commercialization of outer space is legally possible and if it is not pre-cluded by existing treaties. The draft of the latest US Commercial Space Act is undoubt-edly a great advance for key areas of the private sector activity such as remote sensing and new space missions. It provides a sense of confidence for entrepreneurs by strictly regulating issues related to the supervision of private sector entities. However, on the in-ternational scene the question has arisen of whether this act is contrary to international law, especially principles contained in existing space law treaties.

"Serial no. 112-66." ; Shipping list no.: 2012-0166-P ; Includes bibliographical references ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Serial no. 112-27." ; Shipping list no.: 2013-0076-P. ; Includes bibliographical references (pages 20-21). ; Mode of access: Internet.

Purpose: The purpose of the considerations in the article is an attempt to capture the place of economic initiatives taken by a social organisation in a centrally planned economy in the situation of a malfunctioning real economic account. Design/Methodology/Approach: The method of critical analysis of the literature on the subject and the observational method using arguments for generalised statements drawn from own experience. Archival materials collected mainly in Polish state archives are the basis for the presented theses. The arguments were based on the example of an analysis of the functioning of Construction and Assembly Plant "Ter-Zet" (Polish abbreviation: ZBM "Ter-Zet") as an entity specialising in the structures of Society for the Development of Western Territories (Polish abbreviation: TRZZ) operating in Poland. A kind of borderland between state and private economy was in this case a field for both economic, social and political analyses. Conclusions: The example presented here confirms that centralisation of economic management suppresses the freedom of economic activity. It is reasonable to assume that this phenomenon intensifies as authoritarian tendencies in the actions of policy makers are strengthened. Practical implications: Practical implications for economic policy makers and researchers recognising the relationship between the economic model and the social system. Originality/value: The issues presented are very rarely addressed in research. Existing studies have been very general and not very detailed. ; peer-reviewed

The author justifies the right of business entities to free economic initiative on the basis of the human right (hereinafter 'HR' or 'HRs') to liberty, and the right to positive discrimination of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter 'SMEs') on the HR to equality, which is in the legal sense implemented by the HR to equal protection. Such positive discrimination ensures the equal protection of SMEs in the conditions of a free market (hereinafter 'FM') competition. Taking HRs as his starting points, the author discusses legal policy reasons that impose the duty to enact special measures in favour of SMEs on the legislature, and evaluates the legal sources in the Republic of Slovenia that regulate such measures. By means of the results obtained from a survey conducted with SMEs, the author examines the effects of measures to ensure the equal market position of SMEs, which in the conditions of economic globalisation enables a fair market game between SMEs and large enterprises, to ensure SMEs their existence and further development.

The author justifies the right of business entities to free economic initiative on the basis of the human right (hereinafter 'HR' or 'HRs') to liberty, and the right to positive discrimination of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter 'SMEs') on the HR to equality, which is in the legal sense implemented by the HR to equal protection. Such positive discrimination ensures the equal protection of SMEs in the conditions of a free market (hereinafter 'FM') competition. Taking HRs as his starting points, the author discusses legal policy reasons that impose the duty to enact special measures in favour of SMEs on the legislature, and evaluates the legal sources in the Republic of Slovenia that regulate such measures. By means of the results obtained from a survey conducted with SMEs, the author examines the effects of measures to ensure the equal market position of SMEs, which in the conditions of economic globalisation enables a fair market game between SMEs and large enterprises, to ensure SMEs their existence and further development.

The SiBakul Jogja Free-Ongkir is an empowerment program to helping MSMEs in the province of Yogyakarta affected by the Covid-19. Collaborative governance in the SiBakul Jogja free-ongkir program involves several stakeholders namely, the Department of Cooperatives and SMEs of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the Java Parama Niaga (JPN) Cooperative, Gojek Jogja, Grab Jogja, and MSMEs affected by Covid-19. In addition, to create collaborative governance, the stakeholders pay attention to three sides to see the efforts to empower the community, namely enabling, empowering, and protecting. The results showed that the collaboration between stakeholders in the SiBakul Jogja Free-Ongkir program was successful. The continuation of the cooperation in empowering MSMEs in the SiBakul Jogja Free-Ongkir program is influenced by various factors, supporting factors, and inhibiting factors. Supporting factors such as a good network structure involving actors who are competent in their fields, adequate sources of funds, and authorities who are in accordance with procedures. The SiBakul Jogja Free-Ongkir program has better changes than before, from manual into an application. The stakeholders made innovations through evaluation results and coordination among them. They were creating the applications namely, Selly, Jagoan SiBakul, and GrabMart. Furthermore, the inhibiting factors are the lack of evaluation by the private sector and lack of technical resources. They need to conduct an even evaluation of stakeholders through good coordination and communication, especially with the JPN Cooperative, increase technical resources, and hold good socialization in presenting the latest innovations from Grab Jogja.

This Article compares the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB to the factors used in Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. when determining whether a corporation is part of the government (and consequently subject to government control and the President's removal powers). In Free Enterprise, the U.S. Supreme Court considered factors to determine whether or not an agency is a self-regulatory organization (an independent third party agency that is not subject to government control). Under the Free Enterprise test, the Court held that PCAOB was not an SRO (unlike the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.) because PCAOB is "part of the government." Applying the Free Enterprise analysis and the Lebron test to FINRA, FINRA is considered to be an SRO and will remain safely nested like the tiniest matryoshka doll, away from direct governmental oversight. This Article discusses in-depth the Free Enterprise analysis, the Lebron test, and how FINRA does not pass the scrutiny of either test to be considered "part of the government." Therefore, FINRA will remain unchecked by the government, leaving FINRA free from scrutiny and without an obligation to be accountable to the public.

This Article compares the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB to the factors used in Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. when determining whether a corporation is part of the government (and consequently subject to government control and the President's removal powers). In Free Enterprise, the U.S. Supreme Court considered factors to determine whether or not an agency is a self-regulatory organization (an independent third party agency that is not subject to government control). Under the Free Enterprise test, the Court held that PCAOB was not an SRO (unlike the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.) because PCAOB is "part of the government." Applying the Free Enterprise analysis and the Lebron test to FINRA, FINRA is considered to be an SRO and will remain safely nested like the tiniest matryoshka doll, away from direct governmental oversight. This Article discusses in-depth the Free Enterprise analysis, the Lebron test, and how FINRA does not pass the scrutiny of either test to be considered "part of the government." Therefore, FINRA will remain unchecked by the government, leaving FINRA free from scrutiny and without an obligation to be accountable to the public.

Tracing the development of the law of public funding in the United States, assessing the impact of the Arizona Free Enterprise decision on public funding, and discussing the options for public funding after Arizona Free Enterprise

The era of the Free Market in the ASEAN Region or known as the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been rolling for almost a year.This means that a single market system as arole modelin the ASEAN region has been implemented, with the consequence that every product or servicefrom abroad can freelyin and out of Indonesian territory.Vice versa, products in the form of domestic goods and / or services can freely enter the territory of ASEAN countries.At first glance, it appears that the MEA is a golden opportunity for Indonesia to advance the country's economy through product excellence, but it can also backfire for Indonesia, in the face of an invasion of foreign products that have received IPR protection, especially brand protection.SMEs as one of the pillars of the country's economy are still struggling with their products that have not received brand protection.A lack of understanding of the importance of brand protection, lengthy registration procedures and sufficient burdensome costs are obstacles for MSMEs.ForkThat's necessary role of government in the form of optimalisasicoaching IPR, simplification of registration and costs and liabilities registered brand for SMEs to achieve brand protection for all SMEs.